{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:02:05Z","timestamp":1789826525219,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids (NSO), including nitazene analogs, prevail in forensic toxicology casework. Analytical methods for identifying these drugs in biological specimens need to be robust, sensitive, and specific. Isomers, new analogs, and slight differences in structural modifications necessitate the use of high\u2010resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), especially as a non\u2010targeted screening method designed to detect newly emerging drugs. Traditional forensic toxicology workflows, such as immunoassay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS), are generally not sensitive enough for detection of NSOs due to observed low (sub\u2010\u03bcg\/L) concentrations. For this review, the authors tabulated, reviewed, and summarized analytical methods from 2010\u20132022 for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and other NSOs in biological specimens using a variety of different instruments and sample preparation approaches. Limits of detection or quantification for 105 methods were included and compared to published standards and guidelines for suggested scope and sensitivity in forensic toxicology casework. Methods were summarized by instrument for screening and quantitative methods for fentanyl analogs and for nitazenes and other NSO. Toxicological testing for fentanyl analogs and NSOs is increasingly and most commonly being conducted using a variety of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS)\u2010based techniques. Most of the recent analytical methods reviewed exhibited limits of detection well below 1\u2009\u03bcg\/L to detect low concentrations of increasingly potent drugs. In addition, it was observed that most newly developed methods are now using smaller sample volumes which is achievable due to the sensitivity increase gained by new technology and new instrumentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:14:50Z","timestamp":1684887290000},"page":"1643-1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Review of analytical methods for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids in biological specimens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5343-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn B.","family":"Palmquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Truver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa N.","family":"Shoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami\u2010Dade Medical Examiner Department  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1775-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex J.","family":"Krotulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education Fredric Rieders Family Foundation  Willow Grove Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine J.","family":"Swortwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science Sam Houston State University  Huntsville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"NFLIS Drug 2021 annual report","author":"U.S. Department of Justice","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132018. NCHS data brief, No 356","author":"Hedegaard H","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Standard for the analytical scope and sensitivity of forensic toxicological testing of urine in drug\u2010facilitated crime investigations","author":"AAFS Standards Board","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Standard for the analytical scope and sensitivity of forensic toxicological testing of blood in medicolegal death investigations","author":"AAFS Standards Board","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Standard for the analytical scope and sensitivity of forensic toxicological testing of blood in impaired driving investigations","author":"AAFS Standards Board","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"The Center for Forensic Science Research & Education.NPS Discovery. Scope recommendations. Available from:https:\/\/www.cfsre.org\/nps\u2010discovery\/scope\u2010recommendations. Accessed 14 Feb 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfaa048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1554187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419\u2010018\u20100449\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsacl.2022.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-459-3_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2021.462768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414\u2010014\u20101040\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2868"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4036197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinms.2020.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmz098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201100422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202106_26149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010022\u201004073\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.1c00267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201068348\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfac009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202200049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-018-0458-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010022\u201003276\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010022\u201003257\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2AN00946C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.13903"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15282","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T11:26:41Z","timestamp":1693913201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.15282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15282","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}