{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:54:47Z","timestamp":1773161687668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A fatal case of 1,4\u2010butanediol (1,4\u2010BD) oral ingestion is reported here, in which a 51\u2010year\u2010old man was found dead in his bed. According to the police report, the deceased was a known drug user. A glass bottle labeled (and later confirmed to be) \u201cButandiol 1,4\u201d (1,4\u2010BD) was found in the kitchen. Furthermore, the deceased's friend stated that he consumed 1,4\u2010BD on a regular basis. The autopsy and histological examination of postmortem parenchymatous organ specimens did not revealed a clear cause of death. Chemical\u2010toxicological investigations revealed gammahydroxybutyrat (GHB) in body fluids and tissues in the following quantities: femoral blood 390\u2009mg\/L, heart blood 420\u2009mg\/L, cerebrospinal fluid 420\u2009mg\/L, vitreous humor 640\u2009mg\/L, urine 1600\u2009mg\/L, and head hair 26.7\u2009ng\/mg. In addition, 1,4\u2010BD was qualitatively detected in the head hair, urine, stomach contents, and the bottle. No other substances, including alcohol, were detected at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. 1,4\u2010BD is known as precursor substance that is converted in vivo into GHB. In the synoptic assessment of toxicological findings, the police investigations and having excluded other causes of death, a lethal GHB\u2010intoxication following ingestion of 1,4\u2010BD, can be assumed in this case. Fatal intoxications with 1,4\u2010BD have seldom been reported due to a very rapid conversion to GHB and, among other things, non\u2010specific symptoms after ingestion. This case report aims to give an overview to the published of fatal 1,4\u2010BD\u2010intoxications and to discuss the problems associated with detection of 1,4\u2010BD in (postmortem) specimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T01:06:23Z","timestamp":1686186383000},"page":"1410-1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fatal intoxication with 1,4\u2010butanediol: Case report and comprehensive review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kamphausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Rostock  Rostock Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8779-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilke","family":"Andresen\u2010Streichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"549","article-title":"Use of sodium 4\u2010hydroxybutyrate in anesthesia and resuscitation","volume":"1","author":"Laborit H","year":"1960","journal-title":"Agressologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2001207a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326\u20105377.2004.tb06295.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709\u2010200423010\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(72)90301\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(68)90010\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024\u20103205(66)90245\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(89)90645\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(72)90107\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(70)90370\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(85)90662\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024\u20103205(82)90624\u20105"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)23017-8","article-title":"A specific gamma\u2010hydroxybutyrate receptor ligand possesses both antagonistic and anticonvulsant properties","volume":"255","author":"Maitre M","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101113440202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Zur toxikologie des 1,4\u2010butandiol [The toxicology of 1,4\u2010butanediol]","volume":"3","author":"Hinrichs A","year":"1948","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on gamma\u2010hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain and liver","volume":"5","author":"Poldrugo F","year":"1984","journal-title":"Subst Alcohol Actions Misuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735\u20106757(91)90050\u2010T"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"\u03b3\u2010Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)\u2014effects on human performance and behavior","volume":"14","author":"Couper FJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210\u2010011\u20100627\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem\u201044\u20105\u20101014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659709001238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2007.00583.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110363315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.10.1205.32756"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"4654","article-title":"Clinical applications of sodium oxybate (GHB): from narcolepsy to alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Busard\u00f2 FP","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(89)90842\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Rechtsmedizin [German Society for Legal Medicine]. Die rechtsmedizinische Leichen\u00f6ffnung. S1\u2010Leitlinie 054\u2010001\u20102017 [The medicolegal autopsy. S1\u2010guideline 054\u2010001\u20102017]. 2017.https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/leitlinien\/detail\/ll\/054\u2010001.html. Accessed 29 Jun 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Richtlinie der GTFCh zur Qualit\u00e4tssicherung bei forensisch\u2010toxikologischen Untersuchungen [Guideline of the GTFCh for quality assurance in forensic\u2010toxicological analysis]","volume":"85","author":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Forensische und Toxikologische Chemie (GTFCh) [German Society for Forensic and Toxicological Chemistry (GTFCh)]","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxichem Krimtech"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","volume-title":"UV spectra of toxic compounds","author":"Pragst F","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","volume-title":"UV spectra of toxic compounds","author":"Pragst F","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181898c2e"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"PetersFT HartungM HerboldM SchmittG DaldrupT Mu\u00dfhoffF.Anhang B zur richtlinie der GTFCh zur qualit\u00e4tssicherung bei forensisch\u2010toxikologischen untersuchungen anforderungen an die validierung von analysenmethoden [Appendix B to the GTFCh guideline on quality assurance in forensic\u2010toxicological examinations requirements for the validation of analytical methods].2022https:\/\/gtfch.org\/cms\/images\/stories\/files\/GTFCh_Richtlinie_Anhang%20B_Validierung_Version%201.pdf. Accessed 29 Jun 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194\u2010014\u20100966\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"KranerJC PlassardJW McCoyDJ RorabeckJA SmithKB WiteckMJ et al.A death from ingestion of 1 4\u2010butanediol a GHB precursor. In: Proceedings of the 2000 Society of Forensic Toxicologists Meeting; 2000 Oct 2\u20106; Milwaukee WI. Mesa AZ: Society of Forensic Toxicologists; 2001.https:\/\/www.soft\u2010tox.org\/assets\/docs\/SOFT_2000_meeting_abstracts.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.7.576"},{"issue":"1184","key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"U650","article-title":"New Zealand's first fatality linked to use of 1,4\u2010butanediol (1,4\u2010B, Fantasy): No evidence of coingestion or comorbidity","volume":"16","author":"Theron L","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.13510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379\u20100738(02)00424\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326\u20105377.2008.tb01508.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181bec93b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.702218"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.8.625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414\u2010014\u20101051\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414\u2010019\u201002150\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm\u20102017\u20100397"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T21:33:09Z","timestamp":1743888789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.15294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15294","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}