{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:54:08Z","timestamp":1762325648306,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive agent worldwide and has the potential for abuse, but studies monitoring caffeine abuse in China are scarce. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of caffeine abuse in northwest China and investigate the correlation between caffeine and other drugs in hair and nails using an ultra\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2010MS\/MS). Fingernail clippings were collected from 376 participants in northwest China to detect caffeine and 13 other illicit psychoactive drugs and their metabolites. Paired hair and nail samples were collected from 39 participants to investigate the correlation between caffeine and other drugs in hair and nails. The samples were decontaminated, pulverized, and extracted by a high\u2010throughput nail sample preparation method and analyzed by UPLC\u2010MS\/MS. The results showed a risk of caffeine abuse in northwest China, with concentrations ranging from 0.43 to 10.6\u2009ng\/mg for healthy volunteers, 0.49\u2013246\u2009ng\/mg for caffeine abusers, and 0.25\u2013363\u2009ng\/mg for drug addicts in community rehabilitation centers. Caffeine was detected together with other illicit psychoactive drugs and their metabolites. Furthermore, positive detection correlations were found between hair and nail samples. This study provides a current perspective on caffeine abuse in northwest China and demonstrates the practical use of UPLC\u2010MS\/MS for the simultaneous detection of caffeine and 13 illicit psychoactive drugs and their metabolites in hair and nails. The results highlight the potential of nails as a supplementary matrix when hair samples are unavailable and emphasize the need for handling caffeine carefully given its potential for abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T05:20:22Z","timestamp":1686720022000},"page":"1277-1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nail analysis for the assessment of caffeine abuse in Northwest China: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security, P. R. of China  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Narcotics Control Commission \u2013 China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Litao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Narcotics Control Commission \u2013 China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Nanjing China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security, P. R. of China  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Narcotics Control Commission \u2013 China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Narcotics Control Commission \u2013 China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Nanjing China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Narcotics Control Commission \u2013 China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Nanjing China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security, P. R. of China  Beijing China"},{"name":"China National Narcotics Control Commission \u2013 China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Narcotics Control Commission \u2013 China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Nanjing China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1816604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065\u2010018\u20100431\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328\u2010019\u201001055\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114489"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666141210215655"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usx062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210\u2010018\u20101570\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u20101819.2007.01652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Order of the State Medical Products Administration.2001.http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/gongbao\/content\/2002\/content_61935.htm. Accessed 2 Jun 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Report on China's drug situation in 2021.2021.https:\/\/www.mps.gov.cn\/n2255079\/n6865805\/n7355741\/n7355780\/c8553877\/part\/8553888.pdf. Accessed 2 Jun 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22122\/ahj.v13i1.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010020\u201002462\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042\u20107158.1996.tb05992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416648110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.05.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.02.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20103083.2009.03426.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2022.340170"},{"volume-title":"Bioanalytical method validation guidance for industry","year":"2018","author":"F.D.A. US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278\u20106915(95)00093\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430\u2010019\u20100430\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1369.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010016\u20104320\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640\u2010016\u20109667\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024\u2010014\u20109588\u2010x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T21:31:55Z","timestamp":1743888715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.15311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15311","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1198"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-4029"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}