{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:29:56Z","timestamp":1787066996561,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and its analogs are frequently encountered in the field and require detection and identification by first responders to maintain the safety of drug abusers, first responders, health\u2010care providers, and the public at large. Due to the low concentration at which these substances may be encountered and the complicating matrices within which they may be dispersed, the use of portable gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) for their identification in the field offers great potential value. This research established that portable GC\u2013MS is a useful method for the detection and identification of a large number of synthetic opioids, especially fentanyl and its analogs. In this study, 250 synthetic opioids and related substances including 210 fentanyl analogs were analyzed using portable GC\u2013MS. It was concluded that 225 of the 250 (90.0%) opioids analyzed were successfully detected onboard at the time of analysis and identified as either the substance (55.2%) or an analog (34.8%). These outcomes have equivalent benefit for the field analysis of illicit drugs due to both initiating the same subsequent actions by first responders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T05:55:56Z","timestamp":1689832556000},"page":"1601-1614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluation of portable gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) for the analysis of fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other synthetic opioids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Pauline E.","family":"Leary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noble Stevensville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9256-8984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koby L.","family":"Kizzire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Haven West Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Chan\u00a0Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Haven West Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Niedziejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Haven West Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Haven West Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke W.","family":"Kammrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Haven West Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science West Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Fentanyl flow to the United States","author":"DEA Intelligence Program \u2013 Strategic Intelligence Section","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"New York State Department of Health.Addressing the opioid epidemic in New York State.https:\/\/www.health.ny.gov\/community\/opioid_epidemic\/. Accessed 24 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Heartland is not exempt from nationwide fentanyl epidemic. [Television News Report]","author":"Saylor J","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"FargasonPR.Senate criminal justice committee favors measures to fight Florida's opioid epidemic. The Florida Bar News. 15 Feb 2023.https:\/\/www.floridabar.org\/the\u2010florida\u2010bar\u2010news\/senate\u2010criminal\u2010justice\u2010committee\u2010favors\u2010measures\u2010to\u2010fight\u2010floridas\u2010opioid\u2010epidemic\/. Accessed 24 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Office of the Attorney General of the State of Kentucky.Tacking the drug epidemic.https:\/\/www.ag.ky.gov\/Priorities\/Tackling\u2010the\u2010Drug\u2010Epidemic\/Pages\/default.aspx. Accessed 24 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"MayH JulieK.Attacking the opioid crisis from all sides.https:\/\/uofuhealth.utah.edu\/newsroom\/news\/2019\/11\/attack\u2010opioid\u2010crisis. Accessed 24 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Oregon Department of Justice.Spotlight: Opioid abuse.https:\/\/www.doj.state.or.us\/oregon\u2010department\u2010of\u2010justice\/office\u2010of\u2010the\u2010attorney\u2010general\/spotlight\u2010opioid\u2010abuse\/. Accessed 23 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse.Drug overdose death rates.https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research\u2010topics\/trends\u2010statistics\/overdose\u2010death\u2010rates. Accessed 23 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"American Cancer Society.Opioids for cancer pain.https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/managing\u2010cancer\/side\u2010effects\/pain\/opioid\u2010pain\u2010medicines\u2010for\u2010cancer\u2010pain.html. Accessed 23 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"AhmadFB CisewskiJA RossenLM SuttonP.Provisional drug overdose death counts.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/vsrr\/drug\u2010overdose\u2010data.htm#notes. Accessed 23 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Fentanyl facts.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/stopoverdose\/fentanyl\/index.html#:~:text=Powdered%20fentanyl%20looks%20just%20like drugs%20are%20laced%20with%20fentanyl. Accessed 23 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"United States Drug Enforcement Administration.Facts about fentanyl.https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/resources\/facts\u2010about\u2010fentanyl. Accessed 26 Jan 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470386361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"United States Drug Enforcement Administration.Public service alert: DEA laboratory testing reveals that 6 out of 10 fentanyl\u2010laced fake prescription pills now contain a potentially lethal dose of fentanyl.https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/alert\/dea\u2010laboratory\u2010testing\u2010reveals\u20106\u2010out\u201010\u2010fentanyl\u2010laced\u2010fake\u2010prescription\u2010pills\u2010now\u2010contain. Accessed 23 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6727a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues: federal trends and trafficking patterns","author":"Tennyson KM","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2021.100330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Erowid.Synthesis of fentanyl by Siegfried.https:\/\/www.erowid.org\/archive\/rhodium\/chemistry\/fentanyl.html. Accessed 28 Apr 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3184\/0308234057743090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00238"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2021.100309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010018\u20100276\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2021.100394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2021.103243"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000370282311605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11070769"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c00792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.0c00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9an01771b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3272"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21423\/JRS\u2010V10I2KERN"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5040\/9798400653049","volume-title":"Forensic science: an encyclopedia of history, methods, and techniques","author":"Tilstone WJ","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2021.1927668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111393"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","unstructured":"CrumeC.History of INFICON HAPSITE: Maintenance management support and repair.http:\/\/www.kdanalytical.com\/instruments\/inficon\u2010hapsite\u2010history.aspx. Accessed 03 Jun 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702819849499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Traceable opioid material (TOM) kits.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/dls\/erb_fas_kits.html. Accessed 19 Apr 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Fentanyl analog screening kit booklet, item number 9003237","author":"Cayman Chemical","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Fentanyl analog screening kit booklet, emergent panel version 1, item number 9003286","author":"Cayman Chemical","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Fentanyl analog screening kit booklet, emergent panel version 2 and 3, item number 9003380","author":"Cayman Chemical","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Fentanyl analog screening kit, emergent panel version 4, item number 9003381","author":"Cayman Chemical","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","volume-title":"Griffin\u2122 G510 person\u2010portable GC\u2010MS chemical identifier, technical data sheet","author":"Teledyne FLIR","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","volume-title":"FLIR Griffin\u2122 G510e person\u2010portable GC\u2010MS chemical identifier focused on environmental applications","author":"FLIR","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","volume-title":"Automated mass spectral deconvolution & identification system, AMDIS \u2013 User guide","author":"Mallard WG","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","volume-title":"Mass spectrometry: principles and applications","author":"Hoffmann E","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology.NIST chemistry webbook SRD 69 \u2013 Propanamide N\u2010phenyl\u2010.https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/cgi\/cbook.cgi?ID=C620713&Mask=200#Mass\u2010Spec. Accessed 06 Jun 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology.NIST chemistry webbook SRD 69 \u2013 Aniline.https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/cgi\/cbook.cgi?ID=C62533&Mask=200. Accessed 06 Jun 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","unstructured":"SciFinder \u2013 Chemical Abstracts Service.Spectrum ID CAS2017_MS_2_00024735. RN 67198\u201013\u20104.https:\/\/scifinder\u2010n.cas.org\/searchDetail\/substance\/644c2182b1a161166b04881b\/substanceSpectra. Accessed 28 Apr 2023."}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T14:11:39Z","timestamp":1729779099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.15340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15340","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}