{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:45:37Z","timestamp":1770752737887,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evaluation of cannabinoid concentrations in products from the legal cannabis market has been fraught with uncertainty. The lack of standardized testing methodology and the susceptibility of cannabinoids to degradation under certain storage conditions complicates the efforts to assess total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels across wide geographic areas. There are few peer\u2010reviewed surveys of cannabinoid concentrations in regulated products. Those that have been done have not characterized the effects of differences in analytical methodology, sample population, and storage conditions. Viridis Laboratories, which operates two cannabis safety compliance facilities in Michigan, has analyzed over 34,000 cannabis products throughout 2021 and 2022 before the sale in the regulated market. Fifteen cannabinoids in cannabis flower, concentrates, and infused products were tested using methanolic extraction and analysis by high\u2010performance liquid chromatography with diode\u2010array detection. Methods were validated before use, and the flower analysis procedure was certified by the Association of Analytical Collaboration. All the samples were tested before submission for sale and therefore had not undergone prolonged storage. The results are compared with those seen in other states as well as in the illicit market. Total THC levels in cannabis flower from the regulated market are significantly higher than those seen in illicit products. The distribution of cannabinoid levels is similar in flowers intended for either the medicinal or adult\u2010use markets, with an average potency of 18%\u201323% of total THC. Total THC in concentrates averages up to 82%. Other cannabinoids are observed at significant levels, mostly in products specifically formulated to contain them. These results may act as a benchmark for potency levels in the regulated market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T07:08:47Z","timestamp":1690528127000},"page":"1894-1905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Potency levels of regulated cannabis products in Michigan 2021\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Michele A.","family":"Glinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viridis Laboratories  Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregoire P.","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viridis Laboratories  Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199662685.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Cannabis inflorescence","author":"ElSohly M","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051719"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j2042\u20107158.1976.tb04014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238\u2010022\u201000166\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"RossSA ElSohlyMA.CBN and d9\u2010THC concentration ratio as an indicator of the age of stored marijuana samples. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data\u2010and\u2010analysis\/bulletin\/bulletin_1997\u201001\u201001_1_page008.html. Accessed 8 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/jbsc.2020.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse.Cannabis (marijuana) potency.2022https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research\u2010topics\/marijuana\/cannabis\u2010marijuana\u2010potency. 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