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In this context, hair testing offers a unique perspective in the investigation of drug consumption, producing useful information in terms of exposure to psychoactive substances. In this research, we applied targeted ultra\u2010high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS) analytical methods to detect novel synthetic and prescription opioids and other common controlled psychoactive drugs in the keratin matrix. A total of 120 hair samples were analyzed from the United States (US) and Italy, segmented when longer than 6\u2009cm, and then analyzed. In the 60 samples (83 segments in total) analyzed from a purposive sample of data collected in the US, fentanyl was detected in 14 cases (16.9%), with no detection of nitazens or brorphine. We also detected fentanyl metabolites, despropionyl\u2010<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010fluorofentanyl, and prescription opioids. In the 60 samples collected in Italy (91 segments in total), ketamine was the most prevalent compound detected (in 41 cases; 45.1%), with ketamine demonstrating a strong correlation with detection of amphetamines and MDMA, likely due to co\u2010use of these substances in recreational contexts. Several common drugs were also detected but no exposure to fentanyl or its analogs were detected. Results of this retrospective exploration of drug use add to increasing evidence that hair testing can serve as a useful adjunct to epidemiology studies that seek to determine biologically confirmed use and exposure in high\u2010risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T06:59:47Z","timestamp":1690613987000},"page":"1698-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Detection of fentanyl, synthetic opioids, and ketamine in hair specimens from purposive samples of American and Italian populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8501-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Salomone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Turin  Turin Italy"},{"name":"Centro Regionale Antidoping, Orbassano (TO)  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Galletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Turin  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Massano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Turin  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Di\u00a0Corcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Regionale Antidoping, Orbassano (TO)  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Palamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vincenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Turin  Turin Italy"},{"name":"Centro Regionale Antidoping, Orbassano (TO)  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2884"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2018.1550652"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.U.S. overdose deaths in 2021 increased half as much as in 2020 \u2013 but are still up 15%. 2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/nchs_press_releases\/2022\/202205.htm. 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