{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:14:18Z","timestamp":1786947258376,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002835","name":"Chalmers Tekniska H\u00f6gskola","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cobalt(II) thiocyanate\u2010based tests are routinely used to screen cocaine products, with the formation of a blue species interpreted as a positive response. An array of other organic bases has been identified as false positives \u2013 including well\u2010documented cocaine product adulterant lidocaine and its salt. False positives prompt continued test development, though improvements are hindered by unresolved product structures and reaction pathways. Toward greater clarity, cobalt(II) thiocyanate reactions with cocaine hydrochloride, along with lidocaine and its salt, were investigated using multiple analytical techniques. Reactions involving cocaine hydrochloride yielded glassy, amorphous blue material while reactions of lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate produced larger, needle\u2010like crystals whose structure was determined via single\u2010crystal X\u2010ray diffraction to be an ion pair (Hlidocaine<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>([Co(SCN)<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>)\u00b7H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. While the blue precipitate isolated from reactions involving cocaine hydrochloride was unsuitable for crystallographic structure determination, comparative ultraviolet\u2013visible, attenuated total reflectance infrared, and Raman spectroscopic analysis \u2013 along with elemental analysis \u2013 supports that this solid is comprised of a comparable ion pair (Hcocaine<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>[Co(SCN)<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>. Pink crystals isolated from lidocaine reaction vessels were identified as coordination compounds <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\u2010[CoL<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(SCN)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>] and <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\u2010[CoL<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(SCN)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>] where L\u2009=\u2009lidocaine, while pink crystals from both cocaine hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate reaction vessels were the coordination polymer <jats:italic>trans\u2010<\/jats:italic>[Co(H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(SCN)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>]\u00b7H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O. The results presented herein enable reaction optimization to favor a desired product, whether ion pair or coordination species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T05:00:19Z","timestamp":1697691619000},"page":"291-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clarifying the complex chemistry of cobalt(II) thiocyanate\u2010based tests for cocaine using single\u2010crystal X\u2010ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-609X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raychelle","family":"Burks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry American University  Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg 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