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However, if these tracking mechanisms fail, DNA recovered from the formalin\u2010fixed tissues\/organs could provide an additional layer of quality assurance. Embalming fluids preserve biological tissues; however, they also damage, fragment, and cross\u2010link DNA and protein molecules. This project investigated the success of STR\u2010typing from various soft tissue and bone samples that were fixed with embalming solutions with a range of formaldehyde concentrations. Formalin\u2010fixed samples dissected from five cadavers, including skin, muscle, bone, heart, and kidney were used in Phase 1 of this study. In Phase 2, an additional 57 tissue samples from various embalmed organs and body parts were collected to demonstrate long\u2010term fixation and direct applicability within a body donor program. DNA was extracted from the samples using the QIAamp\u00ae FFPE Tissue Kit (QIAGEN), quantified with the Investigator\u00ae QuantiPlex\u00ae Pro RGQ qPCR Kit (QIAGEN), and amplified using the Investigator\u00ae 24plex and 26plex QS Kits and the Investigator\u00ae DIPplex Kit (QIAGEN). The results show the DNA was severely damaged, degraded, and often in low amounts (after one year post\u2010embalming). Sampling from skin and muscle tissues embalmed with ~2.5%\u20135% formaldehyde solutions appears to be the best strategy for identification, while also maintaining the preservation of the tissues. The results of this project can provide informative data when determining which genotyping strategy may be best suited for the identification, re\u2010association, and establishment of a database for the provenance of formalin\u2010fixed human remains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T03:20:37Z","timestamp":1698722437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["RETRACTED: Genotyping strategies for tissues fixed with various embalming fluids for human identification, databasing, and traceability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Madeline","family":"Ashton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland 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