{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T11:56:23Z","timestamp":1793534183215,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ethanol is the psychoactive substance identified most frequently in post\u2010mortem specimens. Unfortunately, interpreting post\u2010mortem ethanol concentrations can be difficult because of post\u2010mortem alcohol redistribution and the possibility of post\u2010mortem alcohol neogenesis. Indeed, in the time interval between death and sample collection, the decedent may be exposed to non\u2010controlled environments for an extended period, promoting microbial colonization. Many authors report that in the presence of carbohydrates and other biomolecules, various species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi can synthesize ethanol and other volatile substances in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo. The aim of this study was to study the impact of several variables on microbial ethanol production as well as develop a mathematical model that could estimate the microbial\u2010produced ethanol in correlation with the most significant consensual produced higher alcohol, 1\u2010propanol. An experimental setup was developed using human blood samples and cadaveric fragments incubated under strictly anaerobic conditions to produce a novel substrate, \u201ccadaveric putrefactive blood\u201d mimicking post\u2010mortem corpse conditions. The samples were analyzed daily for ethanol and 1\u2010propanol using an HS\u2010GC\u2010FID validated method. The formation of ethanol was evaluated considering different parameters such as putrefactive stage, blood glucose concentration, storage temperature, and storage time. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann\u2013Whitney non\u2010parametric test and simple linear regression. The results indicate that the early putrefactive stage, high blood glucose concentration, high temperature, and time of incubation increase microbial ethanol production. In addition, the developed mathematical equation confirms the feasibility of using 1\u2010propanol as a marker of post\u2010mortem ethanol production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T03:34:24Z","timestamp":1707276864000},"page":"974-985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Post\u2010mortem formation of ethanol: Is 1\u2010propanol a reliable marker? A proof\u2010of\u2010concept study using an in\u00a0vitro putrefactive environment setup"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Pigaiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health University of Verona  Verona Italy"},{"name":"Division of Forensics, Department of Pathology University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Musile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8054-024X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen 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