{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:58:29Z","timestamp":1790888309622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increasing use and misuse of gabapentin pose a major risk to public health and traffic safety. Gabapentin has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1993 for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of epilepsy and neuralgia but is increasingly being prescribed for numerous off\u2010label uses including insomnia, anxiety, depression, and migraine. Reported side effects include blurred vision, drowsiness, and loss of coordination. Driving behaviors such as exiting the lane of travel and crashes have been reported in connection to drugged driving investigations concerning gabapentin. To further assist with the toxicological interpretation of gabapentin in driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) scenarios, a review of approximately 108,000 gabapentin\u2010positive DUID cases was conducted. Of those, 858 cases met inclusion criteria and underwent additional evaluation. Blood specimens were screened via enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) for quantitation of gabapentin. This review found an overall DUID gabapentin positivity of 7.9% between January 2020 and December 2022; 17 states from various geographical regions had at least one positive gabapentin DUID case. Observations in six driving and human performance cases where gabapentin was the only drug reported were consistent with the known adverse effects of the medication. Half of the case histories reviewed involved crashes where the driver was determined to be at fault. Additionally, 94% of the cases in this review involved gabapentin in combination with other drugs. The most prevalent drug combinations were opioids and gabapentin present in 64% of cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T15:58:39Z","timestamp":1708876719000},"page":"986-992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gabapentin in drugged driving investigations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolene J.","family":"Bierly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs  Horsham Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Chan\u2010Hosokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMS Labs  Horsham Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.13110339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1991.tb04689.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920\u20101211(97)00078\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"924","volume-title":"Disposition of toxic crugs and chemicals in man","author":"Baselt RC","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Physician's Desk Reference.Gabapentin\u2010drug summary. Available from:https:\/\/www.pdr.net\/drug\u2010summary\/Aricept\u2010donepezil\u2010hydrochloride\u2010138. Accessed 20 Jul 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/33.8.545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2020.26.3.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/209611790.2021.1991075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412466968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxab486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Drug safety communication: FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin Gralise Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica Lyrica CR). Available from:https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug\u2010safety\u2010and\u2010availability\/fda\u2010warns\u2010about\u2010serious\u2010breathing\u2010problems\u2010seizure\u2010and\u2010nerve\u2010pain\u2010medicines\u2010gabapentin\u2010neurontin. Accessed 13 Oct 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"AnsonP.Gabapentoids involved in a third of overdoses in Scotland. Available from:https:\/\/www.painnewsnetwork.org\/stories\/2020\/7\/14\/gabapentinoids\u2010involved\u2010in\u2010a\u2010third\u2010of\u2010drug\u2010deaths\u2010in\u2010scotland\u2010nbsp. Accessed 17 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.NFLIS\u2010drug special report: Gabapentin and pregabalin reporting in NFLIS 2011\u20132020. Available from:https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/nflisdata\/docs\/NFLIS_Gabapentin_Pregabalin_2011\u20102020.pdf. Accessed 17 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.The growing threat of Xylazine and its mixture with illicit drugs. Available from:https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/alert\/dea\u2010reports\u2010widespread\u2010threat\u2010fentanyl\u2010mixed\u2010xylazine. Accessed 17 Aug 2023."}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:11:47Z","timestamp":1748351507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.15500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15500","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}