{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:38:16Z","timestamp":1781584696218,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This technical note reviews the plethora of concentration units used to report blood\u2010alcohol concentration (BAC) and breath\u2010alcohol concentrations (BrAC) for legal purposes in different countries. The choice of units sometimes causes confusion when scientific papers originating from a certain country might be introduced into evidence via expert testimony, such as when alcohol\u2010related crimes are prosecuted. The concentration units are also important to consider when blood\/breath ratios (BBRs) of alcohol are calculated and compared between countries. Statutory BAC limits for driving in most nations are reported in mass\/volume (m\/v) units, such as g\/100\u2009mL (g%) in the United States, mg\/100\u2009mL (mg%) in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, or g\/L (mg\/mL) in many EU nations. By contrast, Germany and the Nordic countries report BAC as mass\/mass (m\/m) units, hence g\/kg or mg\/g, which are ~5.5% lower than m\/v units, because whole blood has an average density of 1.055\u2009g\/mL. There are historical reasons for reporting BAC in mass\/mass units because the aliquots of blood analyzed were measured by weight rather than volume. The difference between m\/m and m\/v is also important in postmortem toxicology, such as when distribution ratios of ethanol between blood and other biological specimens, such as urine, vitreous humor, and cerebrospinal fluid, are reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T02:14:14Z","timestamp":1711160054000},"page":"1473-1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Concentration units used to report blood\u2010 and breath\u2010alcohol concentration for legal purposes differ between countries which is important to consider when blood\/breath ratios of alcohol are compared and contrasted"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Alan Wayne","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Link\u00f6ping  Linkoping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Driving under the influence of psychoactive substances \u2013 a historical review","volume":"31","author":"Jones AW","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book.1873"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"How nordic countries enforce impaired driving legislation","volume":"34","author":"Jones AW","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Measuring alcohol in blood and breath for forensic purposes \u2013 a historical review","volume":"8","author":"Jones AW","year":"1996","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Eine mikromethode zur bestimmung von \u00e4thylalkohol im blut. 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