{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:47:56Z","timestamp":1772272076177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>When faced with increasing drug\u2010related deaths and decline in practicing forensic pathologists, the need to quickly identify toxicology\u2010related deaths is evident in order to appropriately triage cases and expedite turnaround times. Lateral flow immunoassays conducted pre\u2010autopsy offer quick urine drug screen (UDS) results in minutes and are used to inform the need for autopsy. Over 1000 medicolegal cases were reviewed to compare UDS results to laboratory enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) blood results to evaluate how well autopsy UDS predicted laboratory findings. Mass spectral analysis was performed on ELISA\u2010positive specimens and these data were used to investigate UDS false\u2010negative (FN) results when possible. Five different UDS devices (STAT One Step Drug of Abuse dip card and cassette, Premiere Biotech multi\u2010drug and fentanyl dip cards and ATTEST 6\u2010acetylmorphine (6\u2010AM) dip card) were tested encompassing 11 drug classes: 6\u2010AM, amphetamine\/methamphetamine, benzodiazepines, benzoylecgonine, fentanyl, methadone, opioids, phencyclidine, and delta\u20109\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol. Sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and positive and negative predictive values &gt;80% indicated that UDS was useful for predicting cases involving benzoylecgonine, methadone, methamphetamine, and phencyclidine. UDS was unreliable in predicting amphetamine, benzodiazepines, fentanyl, and opiates\u2010related cases due to a high percentage of FN (up to 11.2%, 8.0%, 12.4%, and 5.5%, respectively) when compared to ELISA blood results. For the later analytes, sensitivities were as low as 57.5%, 60.0%, 72.2%, and 66.7%, respectively. Overall results support that UDS cannot replace laboratory testing. Because UDS is subject to false\u2010positive and FN results users must understand the limitations of using UDS for triage or decision\u2010making purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T04:55:20Z","timestamp":1718859320000},"page":"1815-1825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of urine drug screen utility at autopsy to predict laboratory postmortem blood toxicology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-233X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crystal","family":"Arndt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn A.","family":"Huestis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Emerging Health Professions Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah C.","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa R.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"2022","volume-title":"NCHS data brief, No 456","author":"Xu J","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"2022","volume-title":"NCHS data brief, No 457","author":"Spencer MR","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:125504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2014.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327110390063"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Application of the multiple drugs immunoassay test for rapid detection of drug abuse in postmortem urine","volume":"93","author":"Srisont S","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2015.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2017.37.6.522"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2020.101804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"National Association of Medical Examiners.Forensic autopsy performance standards. [cited 2024 Jan 30]https:\/\/name.memberclicks.net\/assets\/docs\/2020%20NAME%20Forensic%20Autopsy%20Standards%2010\u201017\u20102023.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"National Association of Medical Examiners.Recommendations for the investigation diagnosis and certification of deaths related to opioid and other drugs. [cited 2024 Apr 12].https:\/\/www.thename.org\/assets\/docs\/Opioid%20position%20paper%20Final%2012\u201017\u20102019.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"STAT one step drug of abuse test (Dipcard, cassette, cup) for multi drug screen test","author":"Micro Distributing","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Premier Biotech.Premier Bio\u2010Cup & Bio\u2010Dip. Minneapolis MN: Premier Biotech."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"Premier Biotech.Premier Bio\u2010Dip FYL 10 Dip Card. Minneapolis MN: Premier Biotech."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Premier Biotech.ATTEST Drug Screen Cup and ATTEST Drug Screen Dip Card. Minneapolis MN: Premier Biotech."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Amphetamine direct ELISA kit 209","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"PCP direct ELISA kit 208","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Opiates direct ELISA kit 207","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"Methamphetamine direct ELISA kit 211","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Cocaine\/Benzoylecgonine direct ELISA kit 212","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","volume-title":"Methadone direct ELISA kit 232","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Benzodiazepines Direct ELISA Kit 214","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"Cannabinoids (THCA\/CTHC) direct ELISA kit 205","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"Oxycodone\/Oxymorphone direct ELISA blood kit 212B","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"Fentanyl direct ELISA kit 281","author":"Immunalysis Corporation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2016.1157722"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539\u2010199303000\u201000030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"DEA.Facts about fentanyl. [cited 2023 Nov 17]https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/resources\/facts\u2010about\u2010fentanyl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/18.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010021\u201000478\u20104"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T04:45:58Z","timestamp":1735533958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.15561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15561","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}