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For a long time, drug lords have been growing and smuggling these drugs in a variety of ways and channels and are continually finding new ways of trafficking their wares, which has led to the increasing difficulty of global drug enforcement. In the present paper, we propose an innovative pollen identification system for these important drug plants, which provides a tool for screening and detection of the drugs to aid in drug enforcement. By utilizing the characteristics of these fine particles, their abundant production, and high resistance to decay, we believe this tool could be applied in the following scenarios: detecting and dynamically monitoring drug cultivation activities; determining whether a suspect has been to fields of drug plants and determining whether the site has ever been planted with a drug plant and\/or was involved in drug production. In the future, combined with microscope automatic image acquisition technology and intelligent image recognition technology, this pollen identification system is expected to be used to screen three notorious illicit drug plants, thus enhancing the efficiency of drug related crime investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T12:30:40Z","timestamp":1720614640000},"page":"1871-1879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pollen identification of three notorious illicit drug plants and its potential applications in forensic practice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Li","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Big Data and AI Research Center of Biodiversity Conservation Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Kay","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Palaeontology, University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010Ling","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Science Ministry of Public Security of China  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4530-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8198-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin\u2010Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/lap.2022.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13936\/j.cnki.cjdd1992.2022.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData50022.2020.9378197"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201076924\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"278","volume-title":"Flora of China","author":"Zhang ML","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Flora of China","author":"Zhou ZK","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10812\u2010015\u20100155\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Flora of China","author":"Liu QR","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae [Flora of the People's Republic of China]","author":"Xu LR","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13936\/j.cnki.cjdd1992.2020.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2020.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15249"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01916122.2016.1156587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LoneJF KumarB SinghK WaniIA GairolaS.Pollen morphology and variability among the wildCannabis sativaL. from the western Himalaya India. 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