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Mixtures were prepared with a fentanyl concentration range of 0\u2013339\u2009\u03bcM. Data was initially analyzed by plotting the area of a diagnostic peak (1026\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) against concentration to generate a calibration model. This method was successful with fentanyl\/MDMA samples (LOD 0.04\u2009\u03bcM) but not for the other mixtures. A chemometric approach was then employed. The data was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS1) regression, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The LDA model was used to classify samples into one of three designated concentration ranges, low\u2009=\u20090\u20130.4\u2009mM, medium\u2009=\u20090.4\u201314\u2009mM, or high &gt;14\u2009mM, with fentanyl concentrations correctly classified with greater than 85% accuracy. This model was then validated using a series of \u201cblind\u201d fentanyl mixtures and these unknown samples were assigned to the correct concentration range with an accuracy &gt;95%. The PLS1 model failed to provide accurate quantitative assignments for the samples but did provide an accurate prediction for the presence or absence of fentanyl. The combination of the two models enabled accurate quantitative assignment of fentanyl in binary mixtures. This work establishes a proof of concept, indicating a larger sample size could generate a more accurate model. It demonstrates that samples, containing variable, low concentrations of fentanyl, can be accurately quantified, using SERS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T06:54:54Z","timestamp":1731308094000},"page":"73-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of low\u2010level fentanyl concentrations in mixtures of cocaine, <scp>MDMA<\/scp>, methamphetamine, and caffeine via surface\u2010enhanced Raman spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Saiqa","family":"Muneer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Scientific Branch 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