{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T04:08:45Z","timestamp":1741838925288,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Lophophora williamsii<\/jats:italic>, known for mescaline synthesis, has raised legal and ethical considerations. However, <jats:italic>L. williamsii<\/jats:italic> specimens that do not contain mescaline have been recently identified, necessitating the development of techniques to differentiate between mescaline\u2010positive and mescaline\u2010negative groups. Genetic markers have been explored to differentiate these specimens, complementing gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry analysis. Here, we used a single\u2010molecule real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction to generate a full\u2010length <jats:italic>L. williamsii<\/jats:italic> transcriptome and elucidate the mechanisms underlying mescaline biosynthesis. In total, 2,839,819 base pairs of highly accurate long reads were obtained using PacBio Iso\u2010Seq and 70,945 unigenes were obtained through transcriptome sequencing. Known genes involved in the mescaline biosynthetic pathway were confirmed in the <jats:italic>L. williamsii<\/jats:italic> transcriptome, including 6 genes encoding tyrosine decarboxylases, 1 encoding tyrosine\/DOPA decarboxylase, 215 encoding O\u2010methyltransferases, and 129 encoding hydroxylases. Gene Ontology analysis revealed 2903 biological processes, 695 cellular components, and 1766 molecular functions. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed two biosynthetic pathways, namely, phenylpropanoid and isoquinoline biosynthesis, associated with mescaline biosynthesis. To investigate genetic differences based on the presence of mescaline, Illumina Nova sequencing was conducted. The expression levels of genes involved in mescaline biosynthesis were compared to establish a candidate gene pool based on the presence of mescaline. Subsequently, functional annotation was performed on the identified candidate genes using a genetic database derived from PacBio sequencing. These findings underscore the need for a re\u2010evaluation of forensic methods and legal regulations concerning newly identified <jats:italic>L. williamsii<\/jats:italic> specimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T03:59:12Z","timestamp":1732679952000},"page":"490-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides novel insights into mescaline biosynthesis by <i>Lophophora williamsii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Eun\u2010Mi","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic DNA Division National Forensic Service  Wonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyu\u2010Sik","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic DNA Division National Forensic Service  Wonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong Yeon","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic DNA Division National Forensic Service  Wonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Division Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanggil","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joo\u2010Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic DNA Division National Forensic Service  Wonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418\u2010010\u20100469\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.12936"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Constructing DNA barcode and phylogenetic database among Lophophora williamsii individuals","volume":"23","author":"Hwang EM","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Police Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864\u2010015\u20101821\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16447"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320101110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201051176\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2018.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb\u20102010\u201011\u20102\u2010r14"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"HaasB PapanicolaouAJGS.TransDecoder (find coding regions within transcripts) version 3.0. 0. 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