{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:15:15Z","timestamp":1786947315594,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>People diagnosed with substance use disorder (SUD) might represent a high\u2010risk subpopulation for New Psychoactive Drugs (NPS) consumption, and hair analysis offers a unique perspective to assess drug prevalence in this population. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of NPS and their co\u2010consumption with traditional drugs of abuse (DoA) in individuals diagnosed with SUD. Hair samples from patients under care at the addiction treatment service of Bologna, Italy, for a diagnosed SUD, were collected during 2023 and analyzed by ultra\u2010high\u2010performance liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS), using a previously validated method. Among the 88 patients included, 95.5% tested positive for at least one substance, of which 88.1% for traditional DoA only, and 11.9% for NPS in addition to DoA. Among the positive samples, patients were found positive for more than two drugs in 67.9% of cases. The combination of DoA and NPS was more frequent in the younger age group (&lt;21\u201330\u2009years old, compared to 31\u201370, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025). Ketamine was detected in 8.0% of all samples, with mean hair levels 49.68\u2009pg\/mg (ranging 8.55\u201381.90\u2009pg\/mg) and was frequently accompanied by cocaine (85.7% of cases). Fentanyl was detected in 3.4% of all samples, while, among NPS, buphedrone was the only one detected. Our retrospective study highlights that the consumption of NPS is relatively low compared to other vulnerable or high\u2010risk populations. However, the prevalence of polydrug consumption and the high rate of ketamine\u2013cocaine combination warrant careful monitoring even in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T11:32:01Z","timestamp":1733830321000},"page":"639-648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in the hair of individuals diagnosed with substance use disorder: Polydrug and emerging pattern of consumption"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0441-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Giorgetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine University of Bologna  Bologna 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Fais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Paola","family":"Pascali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Pelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.European drug report 2024: 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