{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:25:52Z","timestamp":1789413952005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ayahuasca contains <jats:italic>N,N<\/jats:italic>\u2010dimethyltryptamine (DMT), the primary alkaloid responsible for its psychedelic effects. DMT oxidative deamination yields indole\u20103\u2010acetic acid (IAA) as the predominant metabolite, while N\u2010oxidation produces <jats:italic>N,N<\/jats:italic>\u2010dimethyltryptamine\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010oxide (DMT\u2010NO) as the second most abundant metabolite. An LC\u2013MS\/MS method was developed and validated to quantify DMT, IAA, and DMT\u2010NO in human plasma, as well as DMT and DMT\u2010NO in human urine. Protein precipitation using a 75:25 (v\/v) acetonitrile:methanol yielded analyte recoveries \u226591% in both plasma and urine. Key parameters including matrix effects, linearity, bias, precision, stability, carryover, and dilution integrity met their respective acceptability criterion outlined by ANSI\/ASB 036 recommendations. In plasma, the linear range was 0.5\u2013500\u2009ng\/mL (DMT), 0.25\u2013125\u2009ng\/mL (DMT\u2010NO), and 240\u20136000\u2009ng\/mL (IAA), while the DMT and DMT\u2010NO range in urine was 2.5\u2013250\u2009ng\/mL. Bias was within \u00b117.5%, and precision was \u22646.4% in both plasma and urine. Analytes were free from exogenous\/endogenous interferences, and carryover was negligible. Extracts were also stable in the autosampler compartment (4\u00b0C) for 48\u2009hours. A proof\u2010of\u2010concept study was conducted using authentic paired peripheral blood and urine samples. Results showed higher concentrations of DMT and DMT\u2010NO found in urine as compared to plasma, highlighting the rapid metabolism and clearance of DMT and its metabolites. This study proposes the utility of DMT and DMT\u2010NO as direct and distinctive biomarkers for forensic determination of exogenous DMT consumption. While IAA is the predominant metabolite of DMT, IAA should not be relied upon as the sole biomarker due to its substantial endogenous presence in both plasma and urine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T03:49:17Z","timestamp":1742183357000},"page":"1114-1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of <i>N,N<\/i>\u2010dimethyltryptamine (<scp>DMT<\/scp>) and its metabolites using <scp>LC<\/scp>\u2013<scp>MS<\/scp>\/<scp>MS<\/scp> for forensic purposes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Munchelou M.","family":"Gomonit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University  Huntsville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine J.","family":"Swortwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University  Huntsville Texas USA"},{"name":"Robson Forensic  Dublin Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3747-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Truver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britni N.","family":"Skillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University  Huntsville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.049882"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010015\u20104162\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20108741(98)00168\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.0395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010006\u20100358\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.2.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02157378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318\u2010023\u201000822\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.769501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1657"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(87)90118\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(87)90159\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.114642"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.6.492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570\u20100232(02)00397\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.12.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110790"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"2017 National Forensic Laboratory Information system special report: 2C\u2010phenethylamines, piperazines, and tryptamines reported in NFLIS, 2011\u20132015","author":"U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350701663672"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.8.838"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1576877"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","volume-title":"ANSI\/ASB Standard 036 \u2013 Standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology","author":"AAFS Standards Board, LLC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.10.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010023\u201002477\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117736919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.7.1354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1685"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T05:56:45Z","timestamp":1751522205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.70013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}