{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1788369891880,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPNM 39487\u20102018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPNM 39487\u20102018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The tandem LIBS\/LA\u2010ICPMS technique is a desirable tool for the multi\u2010elemental determination, characterization, and classification of alloys as forensic evidence. In this study, LIBS\/LA\u2010ICPMS is validated for the forensic evaluation of lead\u2010free solder alloys, which form valuable evidence from post\u2010blast crime scenes involving homemade and improvised explosive devices. LIBS\/LA\u2010ICPMS is competitive with other spectroscopic\u2010based forensic techniques as it is in\u00a0situ, analyzes samples directly, and requires minimal destruction of the exhibit. Following a one\u2010standard calibration technique, nine major (alloying metals) and trace elements (impurities or additives) are quantified in lead\u2010free solders. Optimizing laser parameters and using Pb as a naturally occurring internal standard are shown to compensate for mass\u2010dependent drift and matrix effects. The quantitative results of Pb\u2010free certified reference materials align with certificate values and with results from two techniques in a cross\u2010validation comparison, including electrothermal vaporization\u2010inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. Utilizing peak ratios in a model of principal component analysis is presented to identify key compositional differences among solders and provide a visual model for solder discrimination. Outcomes of this approach demonstrate the potential for associating or discriminating lead\u2010free solders, including different solders from the same manufacturer. Together, this technique can establish chemical concordance among known and questioned materials and offers a utilitarian approach for the forensic assessment of trace evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T11:39:42Z","timestamp":1742297982000},"page":"980-994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Laser\u2010induced breakdown spectroscopy\/laser ablation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (<scp>LIBS<\/scp>\/<scp>LA<\/scp>\u2010<scp>ICPMS<\/scp>) for the forensic screening and discrimination of lead\u2010free solders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Moghadam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9631-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Beauchemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Queen's University  Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Dalp\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Forensic Laboratory Services Royal Canadian Mounted Police  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.19.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8JA00222C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1JA00172H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Directive 2011\/65\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment","volume":"174","author":"European Union","year":"2011","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B908057K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.14.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.1994.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60289a018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039\u20109140(93)80189\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EPTC.2010.5702682"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647\u2010018\u20100263\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3964\/j.issn.1000\u20100593(2010)06\u20101652\u201005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.00C132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2012.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.24.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.18SBP07"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/JA9961100899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2005.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00387010.2018.1452265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY03039K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15244J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2018.1474946"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016\u20107037(98)00112\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2014.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374413-5.00062-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"Determination of LODs (limits of detection) and LOQs (limits of quantification).https:\/\/arts\u2010sciences.und.edu\/academics\/chemistry\/kubatova\u2010research\u2010group\/_files\/docs\/determination_of_lods_new.pdf. Accessed 4 Nov 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46770\/as.2024.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"Acid core lead\u2010free solder safety data sheet","author":"The Harris Products Group","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","volume-title":"Rosin core lead\u2010free solder safety data sheet","author":"The Harris Products Group","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"Plumbing solder safety data sheet","author":"The Harris Products Group","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"The interpretation of analytical chemical data by the use of cluster analysis","author":"Massart D","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T05:55:48Z","timestamp":1751522148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.70022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70022","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}