{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:23:37Z","timestamp":1780489417054,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The New York City (NYC) subway system is one of the largest rapid transit systems in the world. With an annual ridership of 1 billion people, subway\u2010related fatalities present a significant public health concern. Properly contextualizing such fatality data is imperative to understanding relevant risk factors. This paper reviews all subway\u2010related fatalities in NYC occurring between 2008 and 2021 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009838). Descriptive statistics for fatalities considered manner of death, decedent demographics, season of death, and day of the week when the death occurred. In addition, a geospatial approach was applied to map subway\u2010related fatalities using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Fatality points were geocoded across NYC, and weighted density variables were calculated for each borough and manner of death. Weighted kernel density maps were generated in ArcGIS Pro to highlight hotspots of relative risk across the city and within each borough. Results indicate that suicides make up nearly half of all NYC subway\u2010related fatalities (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009409, 48.8%), followed by accidents (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009277, 33%) and undetermined deaths (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009143, 17.1%). Despite public concern surrounding being pushed onto subway tracks, homicides of this nature in NYC are undeniably rare (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099, 1.1% of all fatalities). The observed subway\u2010related fatality trends are consistent with previous subway fatality research in NYC and also larger fatality (specifically suicide) trends in the United States. The geospatial distribution of subway\u2010related fatalities, season of occurrence, and day of the week of occurrence are discussed, emphasizing the need for the targeted development of suicide\u2010specific and accident\u2010specific public health interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:16:40Z","timestamp":1747959400000},"page":"1824-1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A geospatial analysis of subway\u2010related fatalities in New York City (2008\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin Z.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Opozda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"MTA.Subway and bus ridership for 2023.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.mta.info\/agency\/new\u2010york\u2010city\u2010transit\/subway\u2010bus\u2010ridership\u20102023. Accessed 8 May 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Commuting by public transportation in the United States: 2019","author":"Burrows M","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"New York City Tourism + Conventions.2024. Annual report 2023\u201324. Available from:https:\/\/corporate.nyctourism.com\/annual\u2010report\/2024. Accessed 8 May 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Public perceptions of the mentally ill and danger in the subways: a representation survey of Manhattan subway riders","author":"Martell D","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"HicksN MarinoJ.Attacks in NYC transit jump a massive 50% as subway murders surge: stats.2024. Available from:https:\/\/nypost.com\/2024\/03\/24\/us\u2010news\/attacks\u2010in\u2010nyc\u2010transit\u2010jump\u201050\u2010as\u2010subway\u2010murders\u2010surge\u2010stats\/. Accessed 8 May 2028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"MooreT SedaccaM.Murders soar 60% on NYC subways nearing record.2024. Available from:https:\/\/nypost.com\/2024\/09\/14\/us\u2010news\/murders\u2010soar\u201060\u2010on\u2010nyc\u2010subways\u2010nearing\u2010record\/. Accessed 8 May 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2008.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2009.01165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"ArcGIS.NYC_Subway_Routes (2020).2022. Available from:https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=a513d4f21f744d49b99982f04f876fea. Accessed 8 May 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"US Census Bureau.Cartographic boundary files \u2013 shapefile.2018. Available from:https:\/\/www.census.gov\/geographies\/mapping\u2010files\/time\u2010series\/geo\/carto\u2010boundary\u2010file.html. Accessed 8 May 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2022.100693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91796-4.00015-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"MTA.Subway and bus ridership for 2022.2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.mta.info\/agency\/new\u2010york\u2010city\u2010transit\/subway\u2010bus\u2010ridership\u20102022. Accessed 8 May 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"CDC.Suicide prevention. Suicide data and statistics.2025. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/suicide\/facts\/data.html. Accessed 8 May 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"WeaverS.NYC installs metal barriers at 10 subway stations.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.timeout.com\/newyork\/news\/mta\u2010just\u2010added\u2010barriers\u2010on\u201010\u2010subway\u2010platforms\u2010083024. 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