{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:47:15Z","timestamp":1780573635599,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023092","name":"Old Dominion University - College of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forensic anthropologists commonly estimate osteological sex using separate metric and morphological analyses, without integrating both data types into a single statistical model. Combining data types into one classification model has the potential to increase sex classification accuracies for the skull. Therefore, the present study seeks to improve sex classification accuracies for the skull by combining morphological and metric variables using decision trees. The main objectives are to (1) generate multiple decision trees that combine metric and morphological variables, (2) compare the classification accuracies of the generated trees to current standard osteological sex estimation methods, and (3) compare the results of the combined data trees to separate morphological and metric trees. The sample included 212 European Americans (males\u2009=\u2009106, females\u2009=\u2009106) and 191 African Americans (males\u2009=\u2009114, females\u2009=\u200977). Decision trees were trained on 80% of the sample and tested using a 20% holdout sample. Multiple trees were generated using 12 morphological and 14 metric variables. The skull (87.9%\u2013100%) and cranium (90.9%\u2013100%) models achieved higher accuracies compared to the mandible models (72.7%\u201392%). Additionally, the pooled, population\u2010inclusive models performed as well as or better than the separate population models. Overall, the combined\u2010data models attained higher classification accuracies than previous studies that integrated skull measurements and morphological traits, as well as compared to separate decision trees for both data types. Future research should continue to explore implementing decision trees for osteological sex estimation, including models combining metric and morphological variables from multiple skeletal regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T23:25:48Z","timestamp":1751671548000},"page":"1653-1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decision trees for combining morphological traits and measurements of the skull for osteological sex estimation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4741-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan J.","family":"Ferrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4202-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donovan M.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"},{"name":"National Center for Forensic Science  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00002-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2020.3033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118255377.ch12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"AAFS Academy Standards Board.ASB Standard 090\u2014standard for sex estimation in forensic anthropology.2019. Available from:www.aafs.org\/academy\u2010standards\u2010board. Accessed 20 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00013-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20776"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.13534"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"MorphoPASSE: The Morphological Pelvis and Skull Sex Estimation database. Version 1.0","author":"Klales AR","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"FORDISC 3.1: personal computer forensic discriminant functions [computer program]","author":"Ousley SD","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Biological affinity and sex determination using morphometric and morphoscopic variables from the human mandible [dissertation]","author":"Berg GE","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.13479"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Incorporating metrics and nonmetrics in the development of a population\u2010inclusive sex estimation model using volume rendered CT images of the skull","author":"Kelley SR","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Biological affinity in forensic identification of human skeletal remains","author":"Berg GE","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci2020024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815764-0.00004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15522"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2020.101771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1967-3_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815764-0.00012-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Data mining with decision trees: theory and applications","author":"Rokach L","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414\u2010020\u201002460\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201007415\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.70017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.70031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci2010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"STAFS Skeletal Collection.2024. Available from:https:\/\/ifrti.org\/STAFS\/research.html. Accessed 20 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"UTK Donated Skeletal Collection.2024. Available from:https:\/\/fac.utk.edu\/utk\u2010donated\u2010skeletal\u2010collection\/. Accessed 20 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46440-0_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"AAFS Academy Standards Board.ASB Standard 132\u2014standard for population affinity estimation in forensic anthropology.2023. Available from:www.aafs.org\/academy\u2010standards\u2010board. Accessed 20 Jun 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","author":"Buikstra JE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815778-7.00005-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2010.01635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Data collection procedures for forensic skeletal material 2.0","author":"Langley NR","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.13013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.13349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"HothornT HornikK StroblC ZeileisA.Package \u201cparty\u201d.2023. Available from:https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/party\/party.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14947"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2021.0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15593"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815767-1.00012-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805429-1.00005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"Tabachnick BG","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","unstructured":"BergGE KenyherczMW.(hu)MANid.2017. Available from:https:\/\/anthropologyapps.shinyapps.io\/humanid\/. Accessed 20 Jun 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2020.4015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5744\/fa.2020.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X133933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50559-2_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256\u2010019\u20100048\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594473.2594475"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2012.2217342"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2949286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-418671-2.00010-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.12740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","unstructured":"Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. 509 U.S. 579.1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119469957.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2009.01176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15409"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70123","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70123","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:26:44Z","timestamp":1776058004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.70123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70123","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}