{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:11:11Z","timestamp":1789571471790,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007161","name":"Boston University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Firearm violence has continued to increase, yet there remains a gap in the literature surrounding GSW fracture patterns to long bones. The majority of GSW research is centered on the cranium or thoracic bones, as they are most affiliated with fatal injuries. The present study examined differences in fragmentation and trauma characteristics on long bones caused by two ammunition types. White\u2010tailed deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) tibiae (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950) were encased in 10% ballistic gelatin, and 9\u2009mm ammunition from a handgun and 5.56\u2009mm ammunition from an assault rifle were fired from 3 yards (~2.74\u2009m). Due to the higher potential wounding energy, it was anticipated that tibiae impacted by 5.56\u2009mm ammunition would exhibit a greater degree of fragmentation and obscure fracture patterns. Conversely, fragmentation patterns from 9\u2009mm ammunition were expected to be more discernible, given the lower energy transfer and smaller caliber, allowing for easier classification of fracture patterns. A Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test revealed 5.56\u2009mm ammunition caused more fragmentation than 9\u2009mm (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). False butterfly fractures were observed in 48% of the 9\u2009mm sample and 4% of the 5.56\u2009mm sample. Chi\u2010square tests for independence showed that all but stepped breakout (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    [1]\u2009=\u20091.299,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.254) had a statistical association with an ammunition type. The present study found significant differences between the frequency of observed ballistic characteristics and ammunition type within the sample; however, due to similarities, it is not recommended to use fracture pattern analysis as a method of classifying ammunition type.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T07:50:36Z","timestamp":1754725836000},"page":"2143-2154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fragmentation characteristics of long bones resulting from impact of different ammunition sizes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"McGowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Anthropology Program, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Pokines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Anthropology Program, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Boston University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Massachusetts Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021\u20109355(09)72060\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"The Trace.Gun violence by the numbers in 2023. 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