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The layer\u2010by\u2010layer deposition process in fused deposition modeling creates surface texture variations that significantly influence the development and recovery of latent fingermarks. This study examined the effect of raster lines on fingermark development by depositing latent fingermarks on the X, Y, and Z faces of 3D\u2010printed PLA objects. Powder development was applied both along and against the 3D print grain. Development against the grain caused excess powder accumulation within raster lines, partially obscuring ridge detail. In contrast, applying powder along the grain minimized accumulation, enabling clearer visualization of ridge features. Top and side surfaces generally yielded higher quality grades, attributed to smoother surfaces from better interlayer bonding. However, raster lines created discontinuities in ridge transfer, hindering coincident sequence determination. Cyanoacrylate ester fuming effectively addressed this limitation, producing continuous ridge detail on top and side surfaces, and leading to higher quality grades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T05:01:06Z","timestamp":1761022866000},"page":"258-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of ambient humidity and surface topography on fingermark recovery from\n                    <scp>PLA 3D<\/scp>\n                    \u2010printed surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1734-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Vera Stimpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Law and Policing Canterbury Christ Church University  Kent UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2792-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breeshea","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Technology and Design Canterbury Christ Church University  Kent UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7410-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Bramble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Law and Policing Canterbury Christ Church University  Kent UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3735-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Langley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Natural Sciences University of Kent  Kent UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3081-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana\u2010Madalina","family":"Suciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Natural Sciences University of Kent  Kent UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Googleapis.com.United States patent. 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