{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:56:33Z","timestamp":1776056193244,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Breath alcohol simulators are devices that use a heated ethanol\/water solution to simulate human breath. Vapor created from heating the solution is commonly used to calibrate alcohol breath testing instruments. When the vapor of the same solution is repeatedly sampled, it causes the ethanol concentration to deplete at a currently unknown rate. The goal of this study was to quantify and better understand the ethanol depletion in non\u2010recirculating system breath alcohol simulators. Simulators were filled with alcohol reference solutions, and air was pumped through the simulator and output to the analyzing instrument repeatedly until a change in concentration was observed, measured using infrared spectroscopy. Flow rates of 11, 16, and 21\u2009L\/min were tested to observe the impact of flow rate on depletion; concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.40 BrAC were tested to measure the impact of initial concentration on depletion. It was found that when observing different flow rates, the depletion of ethanol concentration was directly correlated to the total liters of air that passed through the system (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009\u22120.95). Altering initial concentrations showed that as the solution concentration increased, the rate of depletion of ethanol also increased. Our findings indicate that the total ethanol depletion in a non\u2010recirculating system breath alcohol simulator can be described as a percentage of the original concentration being lost when a specific volume of air is passed through the system. We then calculated an equation that can predict ethanol concentration in the solution after repeated testing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T08:21:13Z","timestamp":1763972473000},"page":"1032-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethanol depletion dynamics in non\u2010recirculating system breath alcohol simulators"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Oliver","family":"Fogarty\u2010Harnish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrisburg University of Science and Technology  Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Guth Laboratories Inc.  Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill K.","family":"Yeakel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrisburg University of Science and Technology  Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4125-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ted L.","family":"Pauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guth Laboratories Inc.  Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ed T.","family":"Svirbely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guth Laboratories Inc.  Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn P.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guth Laboratories Inc.  Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Guth Laboratories.Alcohol breath test simulators.2025. Available from:https:\/\/guthlabs.com\/simulators\/. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"AAFS Standards Board.Standard for breath alcohol measuring instrument calibration.2024. Available from:https:\/\/www.aafs.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/055_Std_e1.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Department of Forensic Science.Breath alcohol procedures manual.2024. Available from:https:\/\/dfs.virginia.gov\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/250\u2010D100%20Breath%20Alcohol%20Procedures%20Manual\u20102874\u201067d7f6c43bad0.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Idaho State Police Forensic Services.Breath alcohol analytical methods.2024. Available from:https:\/\/isp.idaho.gov\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/Forensics\/currentAMs\/Breath%20Alcohol\/\/Breath\u2010Alcohol\u2010Analytical\u2010Methods\u2010Rev\u201015.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Washington State Patrol Breath Test Program.Technical manual.2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.wsp.wa.gov\/breathtest\/docs\/webdms\/Breath_Calibration_Manuals\/BTP_Technical_Manual_Effective\u20102023\u201012\u201011.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/20.2.294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/3.5.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Guth Laboratories.Certified premixed alcohol reference solution.2025. Available from:https:\/\/guthlabs.com\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/premix\u2010brochure.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00085030.2003.10757552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00085030.2005.10757592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Washington State Patrol Toxicology Laboratory Division.Calibration technical manual.2017. Available from:https:\/\/wsp.wa.gov\/forensics\/docs\/toxicology\/archive_manuals\/Archived%20Calibration%20Technical%20Manual%20Rev%209.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/15.5.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/16.5.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/15.6.332"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","article-title":"An independent review of the Intoxilyzer 9000: part 1 \u2013 residual mouth alcohol detection","volume":"2","author":"Semenoff J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Counterpoint"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"CMI Inc.Intoxilyzer 9000.2025. Available from:https:\/\/www.alcoholtest.com\/intoxilyzer\u20109000\/. Accessed 29 Oct 2025."}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70222","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70222","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:39:21Z","timestamp":1776055161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.70222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70222","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}