{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:42:46Z","timestamp":1776058966318,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Zolpidem, a non\u2010benzodiazepine hypnotic, is one of the most widely prescribed sleep aids in South Korea and is frequently implicated in forensic toxicology. A retrospective analysis was conducted on zolpidem\u2010positive autopsy cases (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091583) investigated by the National Forensic Service between 2022 and 2024. The manner and cause of death were classified, and zolpidem concentrations were measured in three biological matrices: peripheral blood (PB), cardiac blood (HB), and liver. Zolpidem analysis was performed using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) and liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) following solid\u2010phase extraction (SPE). Among zolpidem\u2010positive autopsies, suicide accounted for 43.1% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009676), with drug poisoning representing the dominant method (72.8% of suicides). In drug\u2010related suicide cases (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009251), zolpidem was the sole detected agent in 15.1%, while the majority (84.9%) involved poly\u2010drug exposure. A wide range of non\u2010pharmaceutical toxicants\u2014including carbon monoxide, agrochemicals, chemical substances such as gases, nitrite, ethylene glycol, cyanide, and other miscellaneous agents\u2014were also co\u2010detected. Zolpidem was also the most frequently detected drug in driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases (30.0%) and drug\u2010facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) submissions (5.1%) during the study period, highlighting its role in both fatal and nonfatal forensic toxicology. These findings emphasize the importance of appropriate clinical use, matrix\u2010 and context\u2010specific toxicological assessment, and strengthened public health strategies to address the potential risks associated with zolpidem use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T06:30:16Z","timestamp":1766557816000},"page":"882-890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Forensic interpretation of zolpidem in South Korea (2022\u20132024): Postmortem specimen analysis and drug\u2010facilitated crimes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Meejung","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungmin","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongeun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heejung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunmin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaesin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division National Forensic Service  Wonju\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201061694\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2012.02117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JAT\/19.6.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109106898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"UgesDR.TIAFT reference blood level list of therapeutic and toxic substances.2004.http:\/\/www.gtfch.org\/cms\/images\/stories\/Updated_TIAFT_list_202005.pdf. 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