{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:41:26Z","timestamp":1776058886000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012784","name":"Forensic Sciences Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23\u20101033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\u20101033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated relationships between bullet mass, velocity, kinetic energy (\n                    <jats:italic>KE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and fracture propagation in flat bones. Sixty full metal jacketed 9\u2010mm bullets of different masses were fired at pig (\n                    <jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) scapulae. A chronograph measured bullet velocity prior to impact. Fracture characteristics were documented using standard terminology, counted, and measured at the entrance aspect, exit aspect, and overall per specimen. Few significant relationships between ballistic and fracture variables were found across the ranges tested, suggesting possible threshold effects. Bullet mass influenced velocity, suggesting that\n                    <jats:italic>KE<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the most practical variable for interpreting trauma in forensic contexts. Side\u2010specific analyses showed entrance fracture length was primarily driven by long individual radial cracks, while exit fracture length reflected more cracks, more diverse crack types, and longer individual cracks. These findings provide a baseline for future research and underscore the utility of a standardized, quantitative, and surface\u2010specific framework for documenting fracture characteristics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:37:14Z","timestamp":1767591434000},"page":"696-708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An experimental study of bullet mass and velocity and their relation to fracture patterns in flat bones"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Delaney","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work Texas Tech University  Lubbock Texas USA"},{"name":"Injury Biomechanics Research Center The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariyam","family":"Isa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work Texas Tech University  Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/149.6.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ta.0000000000001037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/orr.s378278"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256\u2010021\u201003935\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024\u2010022\u201000479\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"ErasmusMK OberholsterAJ duPlessisK RidelA L'Abb\u00e9E.Considering energy transfer in cases of ballistic trauma to long bones: a proposed experimental methodology. [cited 2025 Dec 22]. Available from:https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/385706382_Considering_Energy_Transfer_in_Cases_of_Ballistic_Trauma_to_Long_Bones_A_Proposed_Experimental_Methodology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001200110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021\u20109290(68)90012\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021\u20109290(68)90025\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021\u20109290(70)90058\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jamm.15614"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196\u20100644(84)80336\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12207J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15377J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13966J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414\u2010016\u20101420\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 75th Annual Scientific Conference of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences; 2023 Feb 13\u201318; Orlando, FL","author":"Edwards D","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 70th Annual Scientific Conference of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences; 2018 Feb 19\u201324; Seattle, WA","author":"Hulse C","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.12794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414\u2010018\u20101946\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414\u2010019\u201002086\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.12522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2006.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2002034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"A guide to forensic fractography of bone","author":"Christensen AM","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.960-16e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"C 1322\u201315: standard practice for fractography and characterization of fracture origins in advanced ceramics","author":"American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70258","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70258","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:43:05Z","timestamp":1776055385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.70258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70258","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}