{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:52:03Z","timestamp":1779083523733,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hair can trace drug use history, but prevailing extraction methods often struggle to fully extract analytes because of tight encapsulation by hair keratin. Since etomidate (ET) was controlled as a Category II psychotropic drug in China in 2023, developing an analytical method to accurately quantify ET and its metabolite etomidate acid (ETA) in hair is essential for establishing cutoff values in hair testing. This study compared extraction efficiencies of alkaline digestion and four solvent\u2010assisted grinding methods (methanol, ammonium formate buffers, 10% formic acid) employing deuterated internal standards (ISs). The optimal method was validated by UPLC\u2010MS\/MS and applied to 53 authentic hair samples (11 also analyzed by alkaline digestion for relative extraction efficiency). The ammonium formate\u2010formic acid buffer (pH\u20093.6) grinding method was proven to be optimal, providing high efficiency while preserving ET stability. It exhibited good linearity (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    &gt;0.999) in a range of 0.005\u20135\u2009ng\/mg for ET and 0.002\u201310\u2009ng\/mg for ETA. Limits of detection (LOD) for ET and ETA were 0.001\u2009ng\/mg, with lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) being 0.005 and 0.002\u2009ng\/mg, respectively. All 53 samples had detectable ET (0.013\u2013219.36\u2009ng\/mg), while ETA was quantifiable in only 32 samples (0.002\u20131.873\u2009ng\/mg), with ET\/ETA ratios of 2.2\u2013615.4. This study establishes a simple, reliable, and validated method for simultaneous quantification of ET and ETA in human hair, demonstrating high practicality for forensic and drug control applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:43:35Z","timestamp":1767591815000},"page":"891-904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative study of alkaline digestion and solvent\u2010assisted grinding methods for the quantitative extraction of etomidate and etomidate acid based on the hair from etomidate users"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Zimei","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission\u2010China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission\u2010China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission\u2010China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission\u2010China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhendong","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission\u2010China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Beijing China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission\u2010China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419\u2010021\u201000596\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114489"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac071337n"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1570\u20100232(03)00134\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875\u20109114.1983.tb03266.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"China National Narcotic Control Committee.Drug situation in China (2021).2022. Available from:http:\/\/www.nncc626.com\/2022\u201006\/23\/c_1211659746.htm. Accessed 12 Dec 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818241297073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12116\/j.issn.1004\u20105619.2023.430602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16467\/j.1008\u20103650.2024.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024\u2010023\u201000596\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"National Medical Products Administration National Health Commission.Notice on the strengthening of the management of estazolam and modafinil.2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.nmpa.gov.cn\/xxgk\/fgwj\/gzwj\/gzwjyp\/20231007154014186.html. Accessed 12 Dec 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419\u2010023\u201000678\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2024.124340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419\u2010024\u201000698\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419\u2010024\u201000707\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2011.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1379603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical mathematical statistics methods","author":"Zu\u2010Xin G","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"MotulskyHJ.GraphPad statistics guide. Available from:http:\/\/www.graphpad.com\/guides\/prism\/10\/statistics\/index.htm. Accessed 29 Sept 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Medical statistics","author":"Hong Y","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"AAFS Standards Board.ANSI\/ASB Standard 036 \u2013 Standard practices for method validation in forensic toxicology.2019. Available from:https:\/\/www.aafs.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/036_Std_e1.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020361s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19969\/j.fxcsxb.21031604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0379\u20100738(96)02070\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010012\u20106035\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024\u2010018\u20109994\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3526"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70259","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70259","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:43:29Z","timestamp":1776055409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.70259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70259","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}