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However, the effects of immersion on the onset of such changes are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to augment what is known about the statistical relationship between PMSI and observable decomposition changes across three body regions (head, torso, and limbs) and to quantify the influence of extrinsic (e.g., clothing, immersion, location, and body position) and intrinsic (e.g., height, weight, BMI) moderating covariates for bodies in aqueous anthropogenically constructed environments. This study retrospectively examined 79 deceased adults recovered from pools, bathtubs, hot tubs, and spas between January 2010 and December 2019 in Victoria, Australia. Mean estimated PMSI was 18.33\u2009h (SE\u2009=\u20093.83), and bivariate\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tests and ANOVA showed that PMSI was significantly related to gaseous distension of the face and torso, discoloration of the skin, marbling, skin sloughing, and discoloration of the torso and limbs. Univariate GLM (two\u2010way factorial ANOVA) results showed that each moderating factor had a unique profile of influence on the various relationships between PMSI and the decomposition change being evaluated. Multiple linear regression modeling demonstrated the importance of including only specific moderators in estimations of PMSI. One model predicted nearly two\u2010thirds of the variance in PMSI (adjusted\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.656, SE of estimates\u2009=\u200918.150), but more cases involving lengthier submergence intervals are needed to understand with greater confidence the onset of advanced decomposition changes in such aqueous settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T03:20:07Z","timestamp":1774840807000},"page":"1718-1734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postmortem submergence interval (\n                    <scp>PMSI<\/scp>\n                    ) and human decomposition in anthropogenically constructed aqueous environments (pools, bathtubs, hot tubs, and spas)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vienna C.","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminology Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Forensic Research Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1172-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail S.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminology Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Forensic Research Simon Fraser University  Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8066-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie S.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2752-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma C.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratory, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha K.","family":"Rowbotham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria 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