{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:14:33Z","timestamp":1788329673534,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite public health concerns, fentanyl, cocaine, and other illicit drug contaminants remain largely understudied in unregulated cannabis. Here, we developed an analytical method to quantify a panel of common illicit drugs in cannabis and tested the law enforcement seizures in Arizona and California in evaluation of the illicit drug contamination in black\u2010 and gray\u2010market cannabis. One hundred and eighteen cannabis dried flower samples were collected by the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office and the US Postal Inspection Service between 2023 and 2024. The prepared samples were analyzed using an Agilent 6495 LC\u2013MS\u2013MS for 16 illicit drugs. Twenty\u2010five (21.2%) of the cannabis flower samples had detectable concentrations of illicit drugs. Only three of the 16 analytes tested were detected, including cocaine (20.3%), methamphetamine (MAMP; 3.4%), and 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA\/Ecstasy; 0.9%). The highest concentration of illicit drugs was cocaine at 12,000\u2009ppm (or 1.2% by weight). This pilot study demonstrates the presence of illicit drugs in black\u2010 and gray\u2010market cannabis largely due to the contamination in the unkempt environment where they are being assembled and distributed. Intentional spiking appears to be rare, but the level of spiked cocaine can pose a health risk to consumers of unregulated products. Further studies are needed to survey the chemical contaminants of black\u2010 and gray\u2010market cannabis and better understand their public health risk nationwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:21:05Z","timestamp":1779769265000},"page":"2359-2363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of illicit drug contaminants in seized cannabis in Arizona and California, 2023\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0657-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beckner","family":"Andersano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University  Glendale Arizona USA"},{"name":"Cannabis Analytics, Safety and Health Initiative Arizona State University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University  Glendale Arizona USA"},{"name":"Cannabis Analytics, Safety and Health Initiative Arizona State University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Grommes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interdisciplinary Forensics Arizona State University  Glendale Arizona USA"},{"name":"Desert Tox, LLC  Scottsdale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell C. K.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University  Glendale Arizona USA"},{"name":"Cannabis Analytics, Safety and Health Initiative Arizona State University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"New Frontier Data.U S cannabis report.2023. Available from:https:\/\/info.newfrontierdata.com\/2023\u2010us\u2010cannabis\u2010report[Accessed 14 Aug 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238\u2010023\u201000200\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238\u2010026\u201000414\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP16028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58875\/NLNB6840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"New York Office of Cannabis Management.Fentanyl test strip guidance.2023. Available from:https:\/\/oasas.ny.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2023\/03\/fentanyl_test_strip_guidance_0.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2020.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000211958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation.DOT 5 panel notice.2018. Available from:https:\/\/www.transportation.gov\/odapc\/DOT_5_Panel_Notice_2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Determination of pesticides and mycotoxins in cannabis flower as defined by legalized U.S. state recreational cannabis regulations","author":"Stone PJW","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Connecticut Overdose Response Strategy.Marijuana with fentanyl awareness.2021. Available from:https:\/\/portal.ct.gov\/\u2010\/media\/dmhas\/adpc\/presentations\/public\u2010health\u2010situational\u2010awareness\u2010marijuana\u2010fentanyl\u2010ct\u2010ors\u2010adpc\u201012212021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"State slow to correct fentanyl\u2010laced cannabis report","author":"Besthoff L","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"917","article-title":"The pharmacology and toxicology of \u201cecstasy\u201d (MDMA) and related drugs","volume":"165","author":"Kalant H","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.589897"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110985"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70365","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70365","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70365","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:39:16Z","timestamp":1788327556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1556-4029.70365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.70365","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1198","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}