{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:14:33Z","timestamp":1788329673261,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Assessing circumstances surrounding police\u2010related deaths is hampered by the absence of an official national database. The National Vital Statistics System, which compiles death certificates filed by medical examiners and coroners, misses approximately one\u2010half of deaths due to police use of force. The void has been filled by the emergence of several unofficial databases sourced from public records, which have been used, for example, to estimate the number of fatal police shootings of unarmed individuals. However, these public databases have not been validated against official records. Furthermore, there have been no attempts to explore the complexity of circumstances leading to police\u2010related fatalities. The present study was conducted to compare information in one public database, Fatal Encounters (FE), with matched records from the King County Medical Examiner's Office (ME) and to measure the role of overlapping circumstances leading to fatal outcomes. For this purpose, the two data sources were linked by names. Circumstantial elements were extracted, categorized, and analyzed according to Manner of Death, Pre\u2010Custody criteria, and Race assignments. Overlapping circumstances were resolved by the calculation of conditional probabilities. The results found 172 matched records in which agreements between the two sources ranged from 70% to 100%. Disagreements were present in whether the decedent was unarmed and not fleeing. The distribution of deaths according to race was disproportionate relative to the county population. The study demonstrated the importance of data in measuring police\u2010related fatalities and the need for caution in interpreting data that does not fully encompass the range of complex circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:25:51Z","timestamp":1779251151000},"page":"2217-2228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of circumstances in police\u2010related fatalities comparing medical examiner records with a public database"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Harruff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King County Medical Examiner's Office, Public Health \u2013 Seattle &amp; King County  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Matthew","family":"Lacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King County Medical Examiner's Office, Public Health \u2013 Seattle &amp; King County  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3513-8192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Yarid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King County Medical Examiner's Office, Public Health \u2013 Seattle &amp; King County  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.1854"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)01609\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2017.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.70193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000097850.48559.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2008.00678.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech\u20102022\u2010219022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NixJ.Making sense of unofficial deadly force data.2023Police Chief Online. 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A step toward creating an impartial comprehensive and searchable national database of people killed during interactions with police.2025Fatal Encounter Dot Org and University of Southern California. Accessed 23 Feb 2026.https:\/\/fatalencounters.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Campaign Zero.Mapping police violence. Accessed 23 Feb 2026.https:\/\/mappingpoliceviolence.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/ohd.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"Our changing population: King County, Washington","author":"USAFacts","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Introduction to probability, statistics, and random processes","author":"Pishro\u2010Nik H","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"KPLU News Staff.Woodcarver fatal shooting not justified says Seattle police board.2011KNKX NPR Network. Accessed 23 Feb 2026.https:\/\/www.knkx.org\/law\/2011\u201002\u201016\/woodcarver\u2010fatal\u2010shooting\u2010not\u2010justified\u2010says\u2010seattle\u2010police\u2010board"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Washington State Legislature.RCW 9A.16.040. Justifiable homicide or use of deadly force by public officer peace officer person aiding\u2014Good faith standard.2019Accessed 23 Feb 2026.https:\/\/app.leg.wa.gov\/rcw\/default.aspx?cite=9A.16.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"Seattle Community Police Commission.News release: Honoring John T. Williams fifteen years later.2025Accessed 23 Feb 2026.https:\/\/www.seattle.gov\/documents\/Departments\/CommunityPoliceCommission\/Press%20Releases\/2025\/Press%20Release%20\u2010%20Honoring%20John%20T%20Williams.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"Seattle Police Department Public Affairs.Seattle Police consent decree ends after more than a decade.2025Accessed 23 Feb 2026.https:\/\/spdblotter.seattle.gov\/2025\/09\/03\/seattle\u2010police\u2010consent\u2010decree\u2010ends\u2010after\u2010more\u2010than\u2010a\u2010decade\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"PhamH.What is the \u2018reasonable officer\u2019 standard for police use of force?2022Stanford Center for Racial Justice Stanford Law School Stanford University. 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