{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:17:15Z","timestamp":1788862635453,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Digitally captured signatures (DCSs) pose new challenges for forensic handwriting examination compared with paper\u2010based signatures. While DCSs provide spatial coordinates, time and force values for forensic examination, the variability of the features derived from these data remains insufficiently understood. This study therefore examined the within\u2010 and between\u2010writer variability in 1560 genuine DCSs collected from 65 participants across eight sessions and three writing positions. These signatures were treated as questioned specimens and compared with 1820 reference DCSs collected later in one writing position. As expected, the results revealed substantial between\u2010writer differences in absolute feature values, in variability, and in correlations despite general patterns across writers. Depending on the feature, between 55% (line length) and 96% (number of pen lifts) of the questioned signatures fell within their writer\u2010specific reference ranges. Most values that were outside the range clustered around the reference distributions. This highlighted the limitations of interpretation based on a \u201cwithin\u2014outside the reference range\u201d threshold. Across the eight sessions, only four out of the fifteen examined features (DTW scores for XY coordinates, time in air, total duration, and width) showed systematic changes, with questioned signatures becoming increasingly similar to the subsequently collected reference samples. Writing position also influenced several features significantly; for example, median force was lower when the pad was held in hand. The findings of this study underscore the importance of accounting for writer\u2010specific feature variability and non\u2010standard writing conditions when examining DCSs in forensic casework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:02:01Z","timestamp":1788861721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring feature variability in digitally captured signatures\u2014Part I: Variability in genuine signatures and the effects of collection sessions and writing position"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Heckeroth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminal Justice Universit\u00e9 de Lausanne  Lausanne\u2010Dorigny Switzerland"},{"name":"Zurich Forensic Science Institute  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kerkhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Dexheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Consulting  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Marquis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminal Justice Universit\u00e9 de Lausanne  Lausanne\u2010Dorigny Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erich","family":"Kupferschmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zurich Forensic Science Institute  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Weyermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminal Justice Universit\u00e9 de Lausanne  Lausanne\u2010Dorigny Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"What forensic document examiners should know about digital and electronic signatures","volume":"18","author":"LaVelle CR","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Forensic Doc Exam"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Developments in handwriting and signature identification in the digital age","author":"Harralson HH","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.69525\/jasqde.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.14627"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Inferring relative speed of handwriting from the static trace","volume":"22","author":"Will E","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Forensic Doc Exam"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.69525\/jasqde.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in graphonomics: Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society; 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