{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T03:39:43Z","timestamp":1764905983370,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Medicine Australasia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are increasing numbers of shark attacks in Australasian waters, with death commonly resulting from uncontrolled lower limb bleeding. The present study aims to determine the most effective first aid method using immediately available resources for controlling lower limb haemorrhage, which could be provided by single unsupported rescuer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study was a clinical trial performed at a single tertiary referral hospital. Healthy volunteers who completed a screening questionnaire, a baseline popliteal velocity measurement and then consented were eligible. The present study used Doppler ultrasound to record the reduction in popliteal artery peak systolic velocity created by surfboard leg rope tourniquet and by inguinal region external compression in healthy volunteer subjects with and without a wetsuit. Leg circumference and sex data were also collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pooled data from each intervention without and with a wetsuit showed that inguinal compression resulted in a mean reduction of popliteal artery peak systolic velocity of 89.7% (95% CI 83.9%, 95.5%) compared to leg rope application 43.8% (95% CI 34.5%, 53.1%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001). There was no significant influence by the wetsuit on effectiveness of either intervention technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study has shown that manual inguinal compression, an easily taught first aid technique, can reliably completely stop or substantially reduce blood loss in the setting of a lower limb injury and is superior to an improvised tourniquet.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T07:49:13Z","timestamp":1612770553000},"page":"803-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Stopping Haemorrhage by Application of Rope tourniquet or inguinal Compression (SHARC study)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6710-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas B","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department Canberra Hospital  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"},{"name":"Medical School Australian National University  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Lamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department Canberra Hospital  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"},{"name":"Capital Region Retrieval Service  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF10181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Florida Museum.International Shark Attack File. [Cited March 2019.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu\/shark-attacks\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2010.05640.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"ThompsonA.Bombo Beach shark attack: leg ropes shredded wetsuit used in race to save life. [Cited March 2020.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.illawarramercury.com.au\/story\/3823061\/tighter-leg-ropes-used-in-race-to-save-shark-attack-victims-life\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"PapenfussM.California Rescuers Use Surf\u2010Leash Tourniquet To Help Shark Attack Victim. [Cited March 2020.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com.au\/entry\/shark\u2010attack\u2010california_n_59067272e4b02655f83e5ef4?ri18n=true"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"HernandezT.Surfer paddled toward shore showed others how to tie tourniquet after shark attack on Oregon coast: witness. [Cited March 2019.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.oregonlive.com\/pacific-northwest-news\/2016\/10\/shark_advisory_signs_to_be_pos.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"OMNA Inc. [Cited March 2020.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.omnainc.com\/collections\/tourniquet-surf-leashes\/products\/tourniquet-leash-big-wave"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Last's Anatomy Regional and Applied","author":"McMinn RMH","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Australasia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13736","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13736","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13736","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T22:47:06Z","timestamp":1693349226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1742-6723.13736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13736","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6731","1742-6723"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1742-6731"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1742-6723"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}