{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:48:43Z","timestamp":1793832523379,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Medicine Australasia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trimeresurus<\/jats:italic> spp. (green pit viper [GPV]) inhabit several Southeast Asian countries. They account for more than 90% of snake envenomations in Bangkok. GPV venom causes coagulopathy from a thrombin\u2010like effect and thrombocytopaenia. Envenomation can also cause local tissue reactions. The present study primarily aimed to determine the bacterial infection rate from GPV (<jats:italic>Trimeresurus<\/jats:italic> spp.) bites. Antibiotic use, microbiology report, and clinical course between those with and without infection were secondary objectives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study took place at Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University. Medical records of patients more than 15\u2009years old, bitten by GPV from our Toxicology Registry between 2015 and 2019, were reviewed by two chart extractors. Vital signs, pain scores, local reactions, time from bite to diagnosis of infection, use of antibiotics, bacterial culture samplings and complications were recorded. The infection rate was reported in percentages. Univariate analysis was utilised to determine risk factors for infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 123 patients over a 5\u2010year period. The majority were male, 83 cases (67.5%). Overall, bacterial infection occurred in eight cases (6.5%). The median time from bite to infection diagnosis was 41.5\u00a0h (interquartile range 25.5\u201368.5). The antibiotic prescription rate was 12.2%. Haemorrhagic bleb was the only risk factor for infection (OR 22.4, 95% confidence interval 3.6\u2013140.2). All bacterial culture samplings were negative. The non\u2010infection group had a decreasing pain score throughout each follow\u2010up visit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a low infection rate from GPV bites even without antibiotics suggesting prophylactic antibiotics should not be routinely prescribed in cases of GPV bite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T05:24:16Z","timestamp":1620105856000},"page":"1006-1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bacterial infection secondary to <i>Trimeresurus<\/i> species bites: A retrospective cohort study in a university hospital in Bangkok"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Suppanut","family":"Kriengkrairut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rittirak","family":"Othong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-017-0127-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Department of Disease Control. Annual epidemiological surveillance report 2018.2018. [Cited 3 Apr 2020.] Available from URL:https:\/\/apps.doe.moph.go.th\/boeeng\/download\/AW_Annual_Mix%206212_14_r1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/163.5.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"The species of green pit viper in Bangkok","volume":"21","author":"Mahasandana S","year":"1990","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90111-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"StuartBL Sok K Thy N.A collection of amphibians and reptiles from Hilly Eastern Cambodia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 2006;54:129\u201355."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"795","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of venomous snakebites in Southeast Asia","volume":"6","author":"Rojnuckarin P","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Biomed."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(02)80140-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.43190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Department of Medical Services Ministry of Public Health.Practice Guideline for Management of Patients with Snake Bite. 2004. [Cited 12 Aug 2020.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/382171851\/snake-pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Animal and human bite wounds","volume":"112","author":"Rothe K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of post\u2010operative infections after surgical treatment of bite wounds","volume":"5","author":"Kramer A","year":"2010","journal-title":"GMS Krankenhhyg. Interdiszip."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(93)90313-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Guidelines for the Management of Snake\u2010Bites Second Edition.2016. [Cited 12 Aug 2020.] Available from URL:https:\/\/www.who.int\/snakebites\/resources\/9789290225300\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2019.1708090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10020073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"1126","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Medicine","author":"Weatherall DJ","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Australasia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13788","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13788","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T17:51:02Z","timestamp":1693245062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1742-6723.13788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13788","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6731","1742-6723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6731","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-6723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}