{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T23:30:49Z","timestamp":1776295849855,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Medicine Australasia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>To describe the epidemiology, treatment and monitoring of treatment outcomes of patients presenting to the ED with hyperkalaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We undertook a retrospective observational study in a mixed adult\/paediatric ED over five 3\u2010month periods. Consecutive patients were included if they had an initial serum or blood gas potassium \u22656.0\u2009mmol\/L. Patients were excluded if their principal diagnosis was diabetic ketoacidosis, their blood sample was haemolysed or the blood gas result was inconsistent with a subsequent serum potassium. Data were extracted from electronic medical records and two senior emergency registrars independently assessed available ECGs. Moderate and severe hyperkalaemia were potassium 6.0\u20136.4 and \u22656.5\u2009mmol\/L, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Overall, 392 patients were included (mean age 73.7\u2009years, triage category 1 or 2 28.3%, admitted 91.3%). Three hundred and twenty\u2010one (81.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 77.6\u201385.5%) patients took one or more medications that predispose to hyperkalaemia and 335 (85.5%, 95% CI 81.5\u201388.7%) had one or more predisposing comorbidities. Two hundred and seventy\u2010one (69.1%, 95% CI 64.3\u201373.6%) patients had moderately severe and 121 (30.9%, 95% CI 26.4\u201335.7%) had severe hyperkalaemia. Two hundred and fifty\u2010nine (66.1%, 95% CI 61.1\u201370.7%) patients were administered at least one medication in ED to lower the potassium concentration and 51 (13.0%, 95% CI 9.9\u201316.8%) were dialysed. One hundred and eighty\u2010seven patients received intravenous insulin: 40 (21.4%) had documented biochemical hypoglycaemia, but 45 (24.1%) had no post\u2010insulin blood glucose level documented. Hyperkalaemia\u2010associated ECG changes were uncommon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Most ED patients with hyperkalaemia have identifiable clinical and medication\u2010related risk factors. Variations in care were widespread and monitoring for iatrogenic adverse events was suboptimal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:46:33Z","timestamp":1649724393000},"page":"751-757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hyperkalaemia in the emergency department: Epidemiology, management and monitoring of treatment outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Pollack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department Austin Health Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiri R","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middlemore Hospital Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Balassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department Austin Health Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calista","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department Austin Health Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8986-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David McD","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department Austin Health Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0592-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone E","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department Austin Health Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Pharmacy Department Austin Health Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00451861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.8.917"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.16.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Therapeutic Guidelines. Hyperkalaemia. [Cited 10 Oct 2021]. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.tg.org.au"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"Kidney Health Australia.eGFR calculator \u2010 Kidney Health Australia guidelines. [Cited 5 Oct 2021.]Available from URL:http:\/\/www.kidney.org.au\/healthprofessionals\/gfrcalculatorckdepi\/tabid\/803\/default.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2018.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0509-8"}],"container-title":["Emergency Medicine Australasia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13971","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13971","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T16:34:52Z","timestamp":1692808492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1742-6723.13971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1742-6723.13971","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6731","1742-6723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6731","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-6723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}