{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:28:28Z","timestamp":1792715308905,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1196560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1196560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1196900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1196900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Medicine Australasia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In overdose, gamma\u2010hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursors can cause decreased levels of consciousness, coma and death. Here, we aim to describe reported exposure to GHB at four EDs in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched the ED databases of four Sydney metropolitan hospitals for presentations relating to GHB exposure between 2012 and 2021. We calculated annual number of presentations stratified by hospital, age, sex, mode of arrival and triage category.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 3510 GHB\u2010related presentations to ED were recorded across the four hospitals. Data for all hospitals were only available from 2015 onwards and between 2015 and 2021; there was a 114% increase in annual presentations (from 228 to 487). Males represented 68.7% of all presentations and the median age was 31\u2009years (range 16\u201374\u2009years). There was an increase in the proportion of female presentations between 2012 and 2021 (from 27.9% to 37.9%) along with the severity of presentation over the same period, with the proportion of presentations with a triage category 1 increasing from 19.7% to 34.5%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increases in recorded absolute number and severity of GHB\u2010related presentations to Sydney EDs are a major public health concern. There may also be shifts in the demographics of those with GHB\u2010related presentations. Renewed efforts are required to understand the drivers of these increases to optimally target harm reduction approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.14402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T10:29:40Z","timestamp":1711967380000},"page":"604-608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Trends in reported <scp>GHB<\/scp>\u2010related presentations to Sydney emergency departments between 2012 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Oliver","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's Clinical School The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista J","family":"Siefried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol and Drug Service St Vincent's Hospital Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The National Centre for Clinical Research on Emerging Drugs of Concern (NCCRED) c\/o The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0079-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Chiew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Department Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazila","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Health Department Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Health Services Sydney Local Health Districy  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel T","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Department Prince of Wales Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7623-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology &amp; Emergency Medicine, Liverpool Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Una","family":"Nic Ionmhain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology &amp; Emergency Medicine, Liverpool Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9101-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren M","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Health Department Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"New South Wales Poison's Information Centre Sydney Children's Hospital Weastmead  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7495-8305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Ezard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol and Drug Service St Vincent's Hospital Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The National Centre for Clinical Research on Emerging Drugs of Concern (NCCRED) c\/o The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Clinical Research and Improvement Network (DACRIN)  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3065-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's Clinical School The University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology St Vincent's Hospital Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2008.10400639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70230-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.702218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.576253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701365818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2019","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Australian Drug Trends 2022: Key Findings from the National Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) Interviews","author":"Sutherland R","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Australian Drug Trends 2022: Key Findings from the National Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) Interviews","author":"Sutherland R","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.European Drug Emergencies Network (Euro\u2010DEN Plus): data and analysis; 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