{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T07:19:31Z","timestamp":1767165571254,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRF2007671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRF2007671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Medicine Australasia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the determinants of death occurring outside of hospital following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (msTBI) across Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Design, setting: Retrospective observational study using National Coronial Information System (NCIS) data. Participants: People who died during the five\u2010year study period between 2015 and 2020 and were recorded in the NCIS as having intracranial injury as a cause or contributor to death. Major outcome measures: The primary outcome was the location of death, specifically whether death occurred outside an acute hospital setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 3751 deaths with msTBI, of which 1064 (28.4%) occurred outside of an acute hospital setting and 605 (16.1%) occurred outside any medical service. The odds of death occurring outside hospital were lower for male patients (odds ratio [OR]: 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5\u20130.7), penetrating injuries (OR 5.2, 95% CI: 3.0\u20138.9) and highest in the Northern Territory followed by Queensland. The odds of death occurring outside\n                      <jats:italic>any<\/jats:italic>\n                      medical service area (e.g. hospital, rehabilitation, nursing home) were higher for: younger adults (OR 3.6, 95% CI: 1.0\u201312.7), those with penetrating injuries (OR 8.9, 95% CI: 4.5\u201317.3), and where the time between injury and death was less than 24\u2009h. The odds of death outside any medical service area were less for people with msTBI in South Australia (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.0\u20130.2).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately, one in six msTBI deaths occurred outside of any medical service area. Opportunities exist to improve access to emergency care for people sustaining msTBI across Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.70051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:08:42Z","timestamp":1746173322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The incidence and determinants of traumatic brain injury deaths occurring outside hospital in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard M","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trauma Research Institute Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Emergency and Trauma Centre Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afsana","family":"Afroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trauma Research Institute Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3746-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Emergency Department Wollongong Hospital, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District  Wollongong New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health UNSW  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0508-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswadev","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency and Trauma Centre Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yesul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trauma Research Institute Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Translational Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Solly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trauma Research Institute Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Ryder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health UNSW  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health UNSW  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delia V","family":"Hendrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Rushworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Injury Australia  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trauma Research Institute Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Translational Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark C","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Trauma Research Institute Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Translational Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Trauma Service Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.029215.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2007-22502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-021-01005-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja15.01369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12878"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"National Coronial Information System 2023. Available from URL:https:\/\/www.ncis.org.au\/. Accessed 1 Oct 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Prehospital and emergency care in adult patients with acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"P\u00e9lieu I","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. 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