{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:50:41Z","timestamp":1791532241008,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Emerg Medicine Australasia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many antidotes are relatively rare\u2010use, indication\u2010specific medicines with a variable evidence base. In Aotearoa New Zealand, there are no national statistics available on their use. This study aimed to characterize the numbers of cases and advice provided by the Aotearoa New Zealand National Poisons Centre (NZNPC) on the use of true antidotes and antidote\u2010adjacent medicines to treat poisonings from 2020 to 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The numbers of NZNPC medical\/clinical toxicologist consultations advising on the use of antidotes and antidote\u2010adjacent medicines were determined and data categorized by health region, the caller type of healthcare provider and the numbers of cases advising for and against the use of specific medicines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Consultations occurred in 2952 exposure incidents with hospital\u2010based clinicians comprising 2800 (95%); covered all regions; and consisted of advising on use of individual antidotes\/adjacent medicines 3408 times.\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010acetylcysteine (1371; 40%) and charcoal (775; 23%) were most frequently discussed. Of relatively high\u2010cost antidotes, NZNPC advised against use of fomepizole in 22\/58 (38%) and digoxin\u2010binding antibody in 36\/74 (49%) cases. Of labour\u2010intensive interventions, NZNPC advised against use of high\u2010dose insulin euglycemic therapy in 52\/89 (58%) and whole bowel irrigation in 68\/135 (50%) cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was use of the NZNPC consultation service across all regions, and the recommendations provided for each antidote ranged from mostly in favour of use to mostly against use based on the patient presentation. Utilizing a specialist medical\/clinical toxicologist consultation service may assist in rationalizing care and optimizing use of healthcare resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.70366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:22:22Z","timestamp":1791530542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Retrospective Descriptive Analysis of Consultations Provided by the National Poisons Centre Relating to Medicines on the Aotearoa New Zealand Antidote Stocking Guideline, 2020\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eeva\u2010Katri","family":"Kumpula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Poisons Centre University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7288-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Boroughf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Poisons Centre University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12894","article-title":"Who Gets Antidotes? 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L.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Statistics New Zealand \u201cSubnational Population Estimates (DHB DHB Constituency) by Age and Sex at 30 June 2022 (2015 Boundaries) \u201daccessed September 10 2024 https:\/\/explore.data.stats.govt.nz\/vis?tm=subnational%20population%20estimates&pg=0&hc[Society]=Population%20estimates%20%3E%20Subnational%20population%20estimates&snb=11&df[ds]=ds\u2010nsiws\u2010disseminate&df[id]=POPES_SUB_002&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anzjph.2023.100027","article-title":"A Retrospective Analysis of Therapeutic Drug Exposures in New Zealand National Poisons Centre Data 2018\u20132020","volume":"47","author":"Kumpula E.\u2010K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13995","article-title":"Too Much of a Good Thing: Bicarbonate Toxicity Following Treatment of Sodium Channel Blocker Overdose","volume":"34","author":"Isoardi K. Z.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Australasia"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.989326","article-title":"Position Paper Update: Whole Bowel Irrigation for Gastrointestinal Decontamination of Overdose Patients","volume":"53","author":"Thanacoody R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2018.1546010","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes From Early Use of Digoxin\u2010Specific Antibodies Versus Observation in Chronic Digoxin Poisoning (ATOM\u20104)","volume":"57","author":"Chan B. 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