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This ancient association has received much attention from researchers who are interested in endosymbiotic evolution. Previous studies have found parallel phylogenetic relationships between non\u2010galling aphids and <jats:italic>Buchnera<\/jats:italic> at lower taxonomic levels (genus, species). To understand whether relatively isolated habitats such as galls have effect on the parallel relationships between aphids and <jats:italic>Buchnera<\/jats:italic>, the present paper investigated the phylogenetic relationships of gall aphids from <jats:italic>Pemphigus<\/jats:italic> and allied genera, which induce pseudo\u2010galls or galls on <jats:italic>Populus<\/jats:italic> spp. (poplar) and <jats:italic>Buchnera<\/jats:italic>. The molecular phylogenies inferred from three aphid genes (<jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>COII<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>EF\u20101\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) and two <jats:italic>Buchnera<\/jats:italic> genes (<jats:italic>gnd<\/jats:italic>, 16S rRNA gene) indicated significant congruence between aphids and <jats:italic>Buchnera<\/jats:italic> at generic as well as interspecific levels. Interestingly, both aphid and <jats:italic>Buchnera<\/jats:italic> phylogenies supported three main clades corresponding to the galling locations of aphids, namely leaf, the joint of leaf blade and petiole, and branch of the host plant. The results suggest phylogenetic conservatism of gall characters, which indicates gall characters are more strongly affected by aphid phylogeny, rather than host plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T14:36:11Z","timestamp":1391092571000},"page":"301-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evolutionary relationships of <i>Pemphigus<\/i> and allied genera (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae) and their primary endosymbiont, <i>Buchnera aphidicola<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 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