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While exact causes of colony losses remain elusive, risk factors thought to play key roles are ectoparasitic mites <jats:italic>Varroa destructor<\/jats:italic> and neonicotinoid pesticides. The present study aims to investigate effects of a neonicotinoid pesticide Imidacloprid and <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> mites individually on survivorship, growth, physiology, virus dynamics and immunity of honey bee workers. Our study provides clear evidence that the exposure to sublethal doses of Imidacloprid could exert a significantly negative effect on health and survival of honey bees. We observed a significant reduction in the titer of vitellogenin (Vg), an egg yolk precursor that regulates the honey bees development and behavior and often are linked to energy homeostasis, in bees exposed to Imidacloprid. This result indicates that sublethal exposure to neonicotinoid could lead to increased energy usage in honey bees as detoxification is a energy\u2010consuming metabolic process and suggests that Vg could be a useful biomarker for measuring levels of energy stress and sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees. Measurement of the quantitative effects of different levels of <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> mite infestation on the replication dynamic of <jats:italic>Deformed wing virus<\/jats:italic> (DWV), an RNA virus associated with <jats:italic>Varroa<\/jats:italic> infestation, and expression level of immune genes yields unique insights into how honey bees respond to stressors under laboratory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T01:01:57Z","timestamp":1458349317000},"page":"467-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Effects of Imidacloprid and <i>Varroa destructor<\/i> on survival and health of European honey bees, <i>Apis mellifera<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Pendo M.","family":"Abbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering 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