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Light is the most important environmental signal for synchronizing endogenous rhythms with the daily light\u2010dark cycle, and compound eyes are known as the principal circadian photoreceptor for photic entrainment in most moths. However, there is little evidence for circadian timing in compound eyes. In the current study, we isolated the <jats:italic>timeless<\/jats:italic> gene, designated <jats:italic>Ha\u2010tim<\/jats:italic> (GenBank accession number: KM233162), from the cotton bollworm <jats:italic>Helicoverpa armigera<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Ha\u2010tim<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>period<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Ha\u2010per<\/jats:italic>) showed low messenger RNA levels in the compound eyes compared to the other tested adult organs. <jats:italic>Ha\u2010tim<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ha\u2010per<\/jats:italic> transcript levels were dependent on an endogenous rhythm that fluctuated over a daily cycle in the compound eyes and heads. The cycles of <jats:italic>Ha\u2010tim<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ha\u2010per<\/jats:italic> transcript levels followed similar time courses, and identical expression patterns of the two genes were observed in the compound eyes and heads. <jats:italic>Ha\u2010tim<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ha\u2010per<\/jats:italic> were down\u2010regulated in the compound eyes after light exposure, copulation and starvation. These results indicated that <jats:italic>Ha\u2010tim<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ha\u2010per<\/jats:italic> transcript levels were regulated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Our study helped to improve our understanding of the circadian clock machinery in compound eyes and other peripheral tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]],"date-time":"2017-09-23T08:52:45Z","timestamp":1506156765000},"page":"217-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Daily expression of two circadian clock genes in compound eyes of <i>Helicoverpa armigera<\/i>: evidence for peripheral tissue circadian timing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9685-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia\u2010Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Entry\u2010Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Na","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoucheng Plant Protection Station  Zoucheng Shandong Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin\u2010Fang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changli Institute of Pomology Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences  Changli Hebei Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing\u2010Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.1.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"742","article-title":"Rat retina shows robust circadian expression of clock and clock output genes in explant culture","volume":"20","author":"Buonfiglio D.C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Effect of natural and artificial photoperiods and fluctuating temperature on age of first mating and mating frequency in the navel orangeworm","volume":"11","author":"Burks C.S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amyelois transitella. 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