{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:27:56Z","timestamp":1791606476883,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinosyns, including spinosad and spinetoram, act on the insect central nervous system, gradually paralyzing or destroying the target insect. Spinosad resistance is associated with loss\u2010of\u2010function mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) \u03b16 subunit in a number of agricultural pests. Using gene editing, nAChR \u03b16 has been verified as a target for spinosyns in five insect species. Recently, a point mutation (G275E) in exon 9 of nAChR \u03b16 was identified in spinosad\u2010resistant strains of <jats:italic>Thrips palmi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tuta absoluta<\/jats:italic>. To date, no <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> functional evidence has been obtained to support that this mutation is involved in spinosyn resistance in lepidopteran pests. In this study, the G275E mutation was introduced into the nAChR of <jats:italic>Spodoptera exigua<\/jats:italic> using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) \/ CRISPR\u2010associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene\u2010editing technology. Reverse transcriptase\u2010polymerase chain reaction and sequencing confirmed that this mutation was present in exon 9 of the nAChR transcripts in the edited 275E strain. The results of bioassays showed that the 275E strain was highly resistant to spinosad (230\u2010fold) and spinetoram (792\u2010fold) compared to the unedited background strain, directly confirming that the G275E mutation of the nAChR \u03b16 subunit confers high levels of spinosyn resistance in <jats:italic>S. exigua<\/jats:italic>. Inheritance analysis showed that the resistance trait is autosomal and incompletely recessive. This study employs a reverse genetics approach to validate the functional role played by the G275E mutation in nAChR \u03b16 of <jats:italic>S. exigua<\/jats:italic> in spinosyns resistance and provides another example of the use of CRISPR\/Cas9 gene\u2010editing technology to confirm the role played by candidate target site mutations in insecticide resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T07:09:43Z","timestamp":1621235383000},"page":"478-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Knockin of the G275E mutation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) \u03b16 confers high levels of resistance to spinosyns in <i>Spodoptera exigua<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9198-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya\u2010Yun","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing 210095 China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Xin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R &amp; D of Shaanxi Province  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze\u2010Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R &amp; D of Shaanxi Province  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R &amp; D of Shaanxi Province  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A. 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