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In nature, both juveniles and adults may coexist spatially and temporally. Yet, it is not clear how juvenile males of different ages respond to cues from adult rivals and fine\u2010tune their lifetime investment in sperm production and ejaculation in any insect. Here we used the Mediterranean flour moth, <jats:italic>Ephestia kuehniella<\/jats:italic>, which produces both fertile eupyrene and infertile apyrene sperm, to explore this question. We demonstrate that the late, but not early, instar larvae are sensitive to adult male cues. As a response, they produce more sperm before emergence and their resultant adults have shorter mating latency and ejaculate more sperm in the first few matings. When the juvenile stage produces more eupyrenes, the adult stops making these sperm, but regardless of the number of apyrenes produced during the juvenile stage, the adult continues to make them. These findings suggest that the number of spermatogonia for eupyrenes may be limited and that for apyrenes may be flexible. Our results show that the insect does not trade off survival, mating frequency, body size, or testis size for sperm production in response to adult males during the larval stage. Knowledge created in the present study offers insight into the stage\u2010dependent sensitivity of juvenile males to cues from adult rivals and subsequent lifetime resource allocations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T04:16:04Z","timestamp":1683778564000},"page":"1773-1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Male larval experience of cues from adult rivals alters lifetime sperm investment patterns in a sperm heteromorphic moth, <i>Ephestia kuehniella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0687-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Environment Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong 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