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During this process, gustatory receptors (GRs) recognize feeding stimulant and deterrent compounds. However, the GRs involved in recognizing stimulant and deterrent compounds in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta<\/jats:italic>, remain unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study on the genes SinvGR1<\/jats:italic>, SinvGR32b<\/jats:italic>, and SinvGR28a<\/jats:italic> to investigate the roles of GRs in detecting feeding stimulant and deterrent compounds. In this current study, we found that sucrose and fructose are feeding stimulants and the bitter compound quinine is a feeding deterrent. The fire ant workers showed significant behavior changes to avoid the bitter taste in feeding stimulant compounds. Reverse transcription quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction results from developmental stages showed that the SinvGR1<\/jats:italic>, SinvGR32b<\/jats:italic>, and SinvGR28a<\/jats:italic> genes were highly expressed in fire ant workers. Tissue\u2010specific expression profiles indicated that SinvGR1<\/jats:italic>, SinvGR32b<\/jats:italic>, and SinvGR28a<\/jats:italic> were specifically expressed in the antennae and foreleg tarsi of workers, whereas SinvGR32b<\/jats:italic> gene transcripts were also highly accumulated in the male antennae. Furthermore, the silencing of SinvGR1<\/jats:italic> or SinvGR32b<\/jats:italic> alone and the co\u2010silencing of both genes disrupted worker stimulation and feeding on sucrose and fructose. The results also showed that SinvGR28a<\/jats:italic> is required for avoiding quinine, as workers with knockdown of the SinvGR28a<\/jats:italic> gene failed to avoid and fed on quinine. This study first identified stimulant and deterrent compounds of fire ant workers and then the GRs involved in the taste recognition of these compounds. This study could provide potential target gustatory genes for the control of the fire ant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:37:33Z","timestamp":1701131853000},"page":"448-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The temporal\u2013spatial expression and functional analysis of three gustatory receptor genes in Solenopsis invicta<\/i> using sweet and bitter compounds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Irfan","family":"Waris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection Guangzhou 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