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We primarily took advantage of the <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> model to investigate cooperative foraging behavior. Here, we report that <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\u2010related species and the black soldier fly have evolved a conserved strategy of cluster digging in food foraging. Subsequently, we investigated relative factors, including larval stage, population density, and food stiffness and quality, that affect the cluster digging behavior. Remarkably, oxygen supply through the posterior breathing spiracles is necessary for the organization of digging clusters. More importantly, we theoretically devise a mathematical model to accurately calculate how the cluster digging behavior expands food resources by diving depth, cross\u2010section area, and food volume. We found that cluster digging behavior approximately increases 2.2 fold depth, 1.7\u2010fold cross\u2010section area, and 1.9 fold volume than control groups, respectively. Amplification of food sources significantly facilitates survival, larval development, and reproductive success of <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> challenged with competition for limited food resources, thereby conferring trophic benefits to fitness in insects. Overall, our findings highlight that the cluster digging behavior is a pivotal behavior for their adaptation to food scarcity, advancing a better understanding of how this cooperative behavior confers fitness benefits in the animal kingdom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T03:34:08Z","timestamp":1704080048000},"page":"870-884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The cluster digging behavior of larvae confers trophic benefits to fitness in insects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application  Hefei China"},{"name":"College of 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