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However, our knowledge of hemocyte types and their specific function in <jats:italic>Tribolium castaneum<\/jats:italic>, an increasingly important Coleoptera model insect in various research fields, remains limited. Presently, a combination of morphological criteria and dye\u2010staining properties were used to characterize hemocyte types from <jats:italic>T.\u00a0castaneum<\/jats:italic> larvae, and 4 distinct types were identified: granulocytes, oenocytoids, plasmatocytes and prohemocytes. Following different immune challenges, the total hemocyte counts declined rapidly in the initial phase (at 2\u00a0h), then increased over time (at 4 and 6\u00a0h) and eventually returned to the naive state by 24\u00a0h post\u2010injection. Notably, the morphology of granulocytes underwent dramatic changes, characterized by an expansion of the surface area and an increased production of pseudopods, and with the number of granulocytes rising significantly through mitotic division. Granulocytes and plasmatocytes, the main hemocyte types in <jats:italic>T.\u00a0castaneum<\/jats:italic> larvae, can phagocytose bacteria or latex beads injected into the larval hemolymph <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, these hemocytes participate in the encapsulation and melanization processes <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>, forming capsules to encapsulate and melanize nickel\u2013nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni\u2013NTA) beads. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of circulating hemocytes in <jats:italic>T.\u00a0castaneum<\/jats:italic> larvae, offering valuable insights into cell\u2010mediated immunity in response to bacterial infection and the injection of latex beads. These results deepen our understanding of the cellular response mechanisms in <jats:italic>T.\u00a0castaneum<\/jats:italic> larvae and lay a solid foundation for subsequent investigations of the involvement of <jats:italic>T.\u00a0castaneum<\/jats:italic> hemocytes in combating pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T14:04:37Z","timestamp":1727964277000},"page":"1331-1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Morphological and functional characterization of circulating hemocytes in <i>Tribolium castaneum<\/i> larvae"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Suisui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing 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