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However, increased insecticide resistance has become a severe public health problem, and the clarification of its detailed mechanism is a matter of urgence. This study found that target\u2010site resistance and metabolic resistance could not fully explain insecticide resistance in field\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and there were likely other resistance mechanisms involved. The 16S and internal transcribed spacer sequencing revealed significant differences in the species compositions of the cuticle surface symbiotic bacteria and fungi between deltamethrin (DM)\u2010resistant (DR) and DM\u2010susceptible (DS)\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, the abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. significantly increased after DM treatment. Furthermore, 2 fungi (\n                    <jats:italic>Rhodotorula mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida melibiosica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 3 bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.) isolated from DR\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    can use DM as their sole carbon source. After reinoculation onto the cuticle surface of DS\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>R. mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. melibiosica<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly enhanced the DM resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Moreover, transcriptome sequencing of the surviving\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    after DM exposure revealed that the gene expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutathione\u2010S\u2010transferases increased, suggesting that besides the direct degradation, the candidate degrading microbes could also cause insecticide resistance via indirect enhancement of mosquito gene expression. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the cuticle surface symbiotic microbes were involved in the development of insecticide resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , providing novel and supplementary insights into insecticide resistance mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:41:26Z","timestamp":1737333686000},"page":"250-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fungi on the cuticle surface increase the resistance of\n                    <i>Aedes albopictus<\/i>\n                    to deltamethrin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2924-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju\u2010Ping","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health 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