{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:33:50Z","timestamp":1786113230321,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Many tortricid moths are significant fruit borers characterized by limited flight capacity. However, some individuals within a population of tortricid species exhibit extended flight capabilities, facilitating gene flow between orchards and enabling host switching. To date, research on the proteins involved in flight among fruit borers is limited. Flightin is recognized as a flight muscle protein, yet its function remains unexplored in lepidopteran insects. In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the\n                    <jats:italic>flightin<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene is expressed at various developmental stages and tissues of\n                    <jats:italic>Grapholita molesta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with the highest expression in adults and the thorax. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) \/ CRISPR\u2010associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) gene editing technology, we successfully generated a homozygous\n                    <jats:italic>flightin<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene knockout strain of\n                    <jats:italic>G. molesta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The knockout of the\n                    <jats:italic>flightin<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene resulted in contraction of indirect flight muscle fibers, irregularities in the Z\u2010disc of the flight muscles, and a significant elongation of sarcomere length. Additionally, cumulative flight distance and flight time were significantly reduced. The larval period and preoviposition period were significantly prolonged, while larval weight, pupal weight, longevity, and fecundity were all significantly decreased. The results indicate that the\n                    <jats:italic>flightin<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene not only plays an important role in the flight capacity of\n                    <jats:italic>G. molesta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but also has an effect on the growth and development, and reproduction of the insect, suggesting that\n                    <jats:italic>flightin<\/jats:italic>\n                    may be a potential target for pest management of\n                    <jats:italic>G. molesta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This is the first investigation into the function of the\n                    <jats:italic>flightin<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene using CRISPR\/Cas9.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T06:19:31Z","timestamp":1749190771000},"page":"1357-1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Function analysis of\n                    <i>flightin<\/i>\n                    gene in the global tortricid fruit borer\n                    <i>Grapholita molesta<\/i>\n                    using CRISPR\/Cas9"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sha","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural &amp; Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology Crop, Institute of Insect Science Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbo","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8599-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maohua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&amp;F University  Shaanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8410-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural &amp; 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