{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1789103499836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757203200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has proven effective to reduce tsetse population density in large infected areas where animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) elimination was difficult to achieve. However, the decrease in mass production of insectary\u2010reared tsetse and the limited but incomplete knowledge on symbiont\u2013trypanosome interaction over time, impede large\u2010scale use of SIT. We investigated the spatiotemporal changes in symbiont prevalence and symbiont\u2013trypanosome interactions in wild tsetse of Sora\u2010Mboum AAT focus in northern Cameroon, collected in 2019 and 2020, to provide insights into the mass production of refractory tsetse.\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Sodalis glossinidius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and trypanosomes were screened with PCR.\n                    <jats:italic>G. tachinoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most abundant\n                    <jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>\n                    species found in Sora\u2010Mboum focus. Symbiont prevalences in\n                    <jats:italic>G. tachinoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    were higher in 2019 compared to 2020, from 67.6% to 53.5% for\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and from 28.8% to 8.1% for\n                    <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These symbionts were also found at higher prevalence in flies from Mouhoun HAT focus in Burkina Faso. Four trypanosome taxa (\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic>\n                    forest type,\n                    <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>\n                    savannah type,\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l., and\n                    <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were found in Sora\u2010Mboum focus and Mouhoun focus, though at lower prevalence in Mouhoun. The presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in adult tsetse was negatively associated with that of trypanosomes. Our study highlights the potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. as a good paratransgenesis candidate to enhance SIT application. This symbiont is naturally found in high proportions of tsetse and could prevent factory flies from acquiring and transmitting trypanosomes during their lifespan when released for population density control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T06:55:29Z","timestamp":1757314529000},"page":"1713-1725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatiotemporal changes in prevalence of\n                    <i>Sodalis glossinidius<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Spiroplasma<\/i>\n                    spp. and trypanosome species in wild\n                    <i>Glossina tachinoides<\/i>\n                    from Sora\u2010Mboum animal African trypanosomiasis focus in northern Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Steve","family":"Feudjio Soffack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Science University of Yaound\u00e9 I  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tito T.","family":"Melachio Tanekou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science University of Bamenda  Bamenda Cameroon"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4496-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugues C.","family":"Nana Djeunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research and Development Foundation (TREND Foundation)  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumarou","family":"Farikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science University of Bamenda  Bamenda Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginette I.","family":"Kame Ngasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies, IMPM  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mureille C.","family":"Tchami Mbagnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Science University of Yaound\u00e9 I  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murielle","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hager","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7540-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adly M. M.","family":"Abd\u2010Alla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Internationale (UMR) 177 Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD)\u2010CIRAD  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustave","family":"Simo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science University of Dschang  Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flobert","family":"Njiokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Science University of Yaound\u00e9 I  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00079-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Argil\u00e9s\u2010Herrero R.andLeak S.G.A.(2016)Standard operating procedures for preparing and handling sterile male tsetse flies for release. International Atomic Energy Agency:Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027302525301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00151-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.14.5003-5007.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-014-0156-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1282-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1283-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06699-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04740-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.2.643-650.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-011-9830-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"\u00c9cologie des glossines en secteur pr\u00e9\u2010forestier de C\u00f4te d'Ivoire: Dynamique des populations","volume":"22","author":"Gouteux J.\u2010P.","year":"1984","journal-title":"CahierO.R.S.T.O.M., Serie Entomologie M\u00e9dicale et Parasitologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Le pi\u00e8ge pyramidal \u00e0 ts\u00e9\u2010ts\u00e9 (Diptera: Glossinidae) pour la capture et la lutte: essais comparatifs et description de nouveaux syst\u00e8mes de capture","volume":"37","author":"Gouteux P.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2001.00895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2002094345"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Sterile Insect Technique for Tsetse Control and Eradication","author":"IAEA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Panel Proceedings Series. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1286-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1280-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011182141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010016\u20101498\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Maniatis T.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020\u20107519(92)90047\u2010o"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.058818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2679-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03531-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03005-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000061023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182022000804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.1998.00349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2540-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Sterile Insect Technique for Tsetse Control and Eradication","author":"Oladunmade M.A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Environmental Health Risk: Hazardous Factors to Living Species","author":"\u00d6zkara A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2111-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04782-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00487-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00553-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300014747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.1.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20103305\u20106\u2010232"}],"container-title":["Insect Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70160","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70160","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:26:46Z","timestamp":1773012406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1744-7917.70160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70160","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1672-9609","1744-7917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1672-9609","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7917","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}