{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:51:03Z","timestamp":1790970663154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To accommodate daily environmental changes, insects exhibit species\u2010specific circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology. Compared to non\u2010social insects, honeybees display robust, socially regulated circadian rhythms aligned with colony tasks, while bumblebees show more flexible rhythms linked to simpler social structures. The gut microbiota has been proposed to influence circadian rhythms in mammals through microbial metabolites, hormone regulation, and gene expression. However, its role in honeybee and bumblebee circadian rhythms remains unclear. In this study, we generated gnotobiotic honeybees and bumblebees to explore microbiota\u2010driven circadian modulation through behavioral and transcriptional analyses. Behavioral assays showed that gut microbiota had no significant effect on bumblebee locomotor activity, rhythmicity strength, or free\u2010running period under the tested conditions. In contrast, microbiota colonization in honeybees led to increased daily activity, enhanced rhythmicity strength, and stronger circadian oscillations without affecting the intrinsic free\u2010running period. Notably, qPCR analysis revealed that, at T5, colonized bees exhibited higher\n                    <jats:italic>per<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression together with reduced\n                    <jats:italic>cwo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and serotonin receptor\n                    <jats:italic>5\u2010ht1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in the honeybee brain. These transcriptional changes indicate potential links between the gut microbiota and honeybee circadian rhythms via the gut\u2013brain axis, possibly involving altered serotonergic signaling. Overall, our results indicate an association between gut microbiota and circadian rhythmicity in honeybees, whereas bumblebees showed little responsiveness, suggesting potential species\u2010specific interactions between microbial signals and host circadian systems. This study advances understanding of microbiota\u2010driven behavioral regulation in eusocial insects and lays the groundwork for future mechanistic investigations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:31:41Z","timestamp":1777091501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut microbiota is associated with circadian rhythms and clock gene expression in honeybees"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7389-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yueyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3074-3860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3313-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-017-0558-7","article-title":"Circadian clock genes are differentially modulated during the daily cycles and chronological age in the social honeybee Apis mellifera","volume":"49","author":"Abreu F.C.P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2514","article-title":"Upper\u2010limit agricultural dietary exposure to streptomycin in the laboratory reduces learning and foraging in 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