{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:06:11Z","timestamp":1789628771195,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFE0104800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0104800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1400600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1400600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parasitoid wasps are major biological\u2010control agents, but their contribution to pest suppression is shaped by more than host attack. In agroecosystems, released and resident parasitoids interact with conspecifics, heterospecific parasitoids, predators, hyperparasitoids, alternative hosts, non\u2010target species, and habitat resources. This review synthesizes parasitoid competition from a biological\u2010control perspective and proposes a three\u2010dimensional framework that classifies competitive interactions by competitor level, ecological arena, and interaction mode. The framework integrates intraspecific and interspecific competition, extrinsic and intrinsic interactions, community\u2010mediated effects, and exploitative, interference, apparent, and mixed pathways. We emphasize that superparasitism and multiparasitism are not only behavioral or developmental phenomena, but also operational links between adult oviposition decisions, within\u2010host outcomes, and field\u2010level control. Competition can reduce effective parasitism, offspring fitness, parasitoid establishment, and native\u2010guild persistence when niche overlap is high, yet its costs may be offset when species partition host stages, microhabitats or seasonal windows. We argue that biological\u2010control success should be evaluated through a hierarchy of outcomes, including host mortality, parasitoid emergence, offspring quality, sex ratio, population persistence, pest\u2010density trajectories, crop protection, and non\u2010target risk. Finally, we translate this synthesis into management principles for species selection, release timing, release density, release ratio, and compatibility with other integrated pest management (IPM) tools. Understanding parasitoid competition is therefore essential for designing biological\u2010control programs that are predictable, resilient, and ecologically safe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:42:16Z","timestamp":1789627336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Untangling parasitoid competition: A three\u2010dimensional framework for parasitoid interactions in biological control"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7496-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian\u2010Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong\u2010Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9964-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lian\u2010Sheng","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12658","article-title":"Size\u2010induced phenotypic reaction norms in a parasitoid wasp: an examination of life\u2010history and behavioural traits","volume":"117","author":"Abram P.K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2012.09.003","article-title":"Comparative susceptibility to hyperparasitism of Binodoxys communis and Aphidius colemani, primary aphid parasitoids introduced to Hawaii","volume":"65","author":"Acebes A.L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biological Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12760","article-title":"Predator\u2012parasitoid\u2012host interaction: biological control of Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae by a combination of Xylocoris flavipes and Theocolax elegans in stored cereals","volume":"167","author":"Adarkwah C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-020-10067-2","article-title":"Exotic generalist arthropod biological control agents: need to improve environmental risk assessment to ensure safe use","volume":"66","author":"Andow D.A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-017-9987-5","article-title":"Relationship between oviposition, virulence gene expression and parasitism success in Cotesia typhae nov. sp. parasitoid strains","volume":"145","author":"Benoist R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps2011-045","article-title":"Aphid parasitoids in biological control","volume":"92","author":"Boivin G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Advances in Insect Physiology","author":"Bondy E.C.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061703.153618","article-title":"Functional ecology of immature parasitoids","volume":"49","author":"Brodeur J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2022.110214","article-title":"A new model formulation for host depletion in parasitoids","volume":"475","author":"Bruzzone O.A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01184.x","article-title":"Apparent competition can compromise the safety of highly specific biocontrol agents","volume":"11","author":"Carvalheiro L.G.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.03.011","article-title":"Does host quality dictate the outcome of interference competition between sympatric parasitoids? 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