{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:54:43Z","timestamp":1791438883297,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072783"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) bioconversion of doxycycline\u2010contaminated hen manure raises concerns about antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transmission. Although core microbiota in gut may participate in ARG dynamics, the relative contributions of microbiota from manure and baseline larval gut to the BSFL gut resistome remain unclear. Using metagenomics, amplicon sequencing, and cultivable bacteria analysis, we found that: (1)\n                    <jats:italic>Providencia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia\u2013Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominated the BSFL gut and served as primary ARG hosts; (2) Fecal filtrate intervention drastically altered gut microbiota and ARG profiles, suppressing\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (by 95.56%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia\u2013Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (to &lt; 0.5%) while enriching\n                    <jats:italic>Providencia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3.53 fold increase) and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with increased ARGs such as\n                    <jats:italic>tet(59)<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>qnrD1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Long\u2010read metagenomic analysis indicated that viable manure\u2010borne bacteria, rather than cell\u2010free fecal filtrate, delivered structurally intact ARG\u2013MGE units as key carrier of mobile resistance cassettes; (3) Source tracking (FEAST) assigned the majority of ARBs (&gt; 90%) and their ARGs in the BSFL gut to the baseline BSFL gut source, with manure\u2010derived ARBs contributing 4.80%. Culture\u2010based 16S rRNA gene homology provided evidence consistent with possible manure\u2010to\u2010gut transfer of selected\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia\u2013Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The BSFL gut resistome was more strongly associated with the baseline BSFL microbiota than with manure, but manure still represented a detectable source of ARB and ARG introduction. FEAST source assignments should be interpreted as composition\u2010based bioinformatic estimates rather than definitive proof of origin, due to lack of direct functional tracing. These findings have critical implications for assessing the ecological safety of BSFL\u2010based waste valorization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:33:37Z","timestamp":1791437617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Source tracking and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes mediated by core microbiota in black soldier fly larvae bioconversion of doxycycline\u2010contaminated hen manure"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weikang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junliang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihua","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Grp Co LTD  Yunfu Guangdong Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sicheng","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Microbiology Research Centre South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro\u2013Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry Agriculture  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"National\u2013Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3409-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xindi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro\u2013Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry Agriculture  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"National\u2013Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Grp Co LTD  Yunfu Guangdong Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13595","article-title":"Characteristics and nutrient function of intestinal bacterial communities in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae in livestock manure conversion","volume":"14","author":"Ao Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbial Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130039","article-title":"Determination of antibiotics and other veterinary drugs in the solid phase of pig manure","volume":"275","author":"Arg\u00fceso\u2010Mata M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00650-4","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution in bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Arnold B.J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12228","article-title":"Growth rates of black soldier fly larvae fed on fresh human faeces and their implication for improving sanitation","volume":"19","author":"Banks I.J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14450","article-title":"Rapidly mitigating antibiotic resistant risks in chicken manure by Hermetia illucens bioconversion with intestinal microflora","volume":"20","author":"Cai M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.06.009","article-title":"Tbtools: an integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data","volume":"13","author":"Chen C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Plant"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133840","article-title":"Effect of moisture content on greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions from pig manure converted by black soldier fly","volume":"697","author":"Chen J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109849","article-title":"Experimental investigation on decomposition characteristics of doxycycline in wastewater using hydrothermal treatment: exploring the way to complete decomposition","volume":"11","author":"Chen J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134931","article-title":"Multiomics analysis of the effects of manure\u2010borne doxycycline combined with oversized fiber microplastics on pak choi growth and the risk of antibiotic resistance gene transmission","volume":"475","author":"Chen J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12259","article-title":"Novel antibacterial peptides induced by probiotics in Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae","volume":"48","author":"Choi W.H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103965","article-title":"Biosafety assessment of laying hens fed different treatments of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) under doxycycline stress","volume":"103","author":"Deng W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12121082","article-title":"Feed and host genetics drive microbiome diversity with resultant consequences for production traits in mass\u2010reared black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae","volume":"12","author":"Greenwood M.P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.612826","article-title":"Immune system, microbiota, and microbial metabolites: the unresolved triad in colorectal cancer microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Hanus M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122087","article-title":"MicroRNAs, DNA damage response, and cancer treatment","volume":"17","author":"He M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","article-title":"Dual oxidase Duox and toll\u2010like receptor 3 TLR3 in the Toll pathway suppress zoonotic pathogens through regulating the intestinal bacterial community homeostasis in Hermetia illucens L","volume":"15","author":"Huang Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiac094","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis of larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) microbiota based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing","volume":"98","author":"IJdema F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0468-7","article-title":"Virulence and antimicrobial resistance factors of Enterococcus spp. isolated from fecal samples from piggery farms in Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Iweriebor B.C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-024-00293-9","article-title":"Dynamic effects of black soldier fly larvae meal on the cecal bacterial microbiota and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistant determinants in broiler chickens","volume":"6","author":"Lau C.H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animal Microbiome"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"Letunic I.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13095","article-title":"Dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community in black soldier fly larval guts and its influence on insect growth and development","volume":"30","author":"Li X.Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insect Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2016.03.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of mutagenesis: DNA replication in the presence of DNA damage","volume":"768","author":"Liu B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutation Research\/Reviews in Mutation Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155122","article-title":"Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: a review","volume":"833","author":"Liu T.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116976","article-title":"Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), and house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), larvae reduce livestock manure and possibly associated nutrients: an assessment at two scales","volume":"282","author":"Miranda C.D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113294","article-title":"A sustainable and economic strategy to reduce risk antibiotic resistance genes during poultry manure bioconversion by black soldier fly Hermetia illucens larvae: larval density adjustment","volume":"232","author":"Niu S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12226","article-title":"A novel cecropin\u2010like peptide from black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens: isolation, structural and functional characterization","volume":"47","author":"Park S.I.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entomological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070611","article-title":"Comparative metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal the response of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae intestinal microbes and reduction mechanisms to high concentrations of tetracycline","volume":"11","author":"Pei Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.880488","article-title":"Bacillus velezensis EEAM 10B strengthens nutrient metabolic process in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) via changing gut microbiome and metabolic pathways","volume":"9","author":"Pei Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115861","article-title":"Characteristics of gut bacterial microbiota of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae effected by typical antibiotics","volume":"270","author":"Ruan L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0431-x","article-title":"FEAST: fast expectation\u2010maximization for microbial source tracking","volume":"16","author":"Shenhav L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.11.036","article-title":"Sub\u2010inhibitory concentrations of fluoroquinolones increase conjugation frequency","volume":"114","author":"Shun\u2010Mei E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109569","article-title":"An inclusive approach for organic waste treatment and valorisation using black soldier fly larvae: a review","volume":"251","author":"Singh A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3962","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life","volume":"16","author":"Soucy S.M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13010022","article-title":"Impact of heat treatment on the microbiological quality of frass originating from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)","volume":"13","author":"Van Looveren N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-130","article-title":"Species distribution and antimicrobial profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolates from Kenyan small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses","volume":"81","author":"Wambui J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109458","article-title":"Valorization of exo\u2010microbial fermented coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous biodiesel and protein productions","volume":"185","author":"Wong C.Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1095025","article-title":"Enhanced protein degradation by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) and its gut microbes","volume":"13","author":"Yu Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0252-6","article-title":"Genomic landscape and genetic manipulation of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, a natural waste recycler","volume":"30","author":"Zhan S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01241-y","article-title":"Extensive metagenomic analysis of the porcine gut resistome to identify indicators reflecting antimicrobial resistance","volume":"10","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.046","article-title":"Antidepressant fluoxetine induces multiple antibiotics resistance in Escherichia coli via ROS\u2010mediated mutagenesis","volume":"120","author":"Jin M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environment International"}],"container-title":["Insect Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70366","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70366","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70366","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:33:42Z","timestamp":1791437622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1744-7917.70366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70366","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1672-9609","1744-7917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1672-9609","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7917","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1744-7917.70366"}}